Political Geography

  1. Internal Political Organization of States
    1. Systems of Governance
      1. Unitary States
        1. Centralized Authority
          1. Single Government Level
            1. Uniform Administration
              1. Central Control
              2. Examples and Variations
                1. France
                  1. United Kingdom
                    1. Japan
                  2. Federal States
                    1. Division of Powers
                      1. Constitutional Distribution
                        1. Shared Sovereignty
                          1. Intergovernmental Relations
                          2. Federal Structures Worldwide
                            1. United States
                              1. Germany
                                1. Canada
                                  1. Australia
                              2. Devolution and Autonomy
                                1. Forces Driving Devolution
                                  1. Ethnic and Regional Identities
                                    1. Cultural Distinctiveness
                                      1. Language Differences
                                        1. Historical Grievances
                                        2. Economic Disparities
                                          1. Regional Inequality
                                            1. Resource Distribution
                                              1. Development Gaps
                                              2. Political Movements
                                                1. Autonomy Demands
                                                  1. Democratic Pressures
                                                    1. Elite Mobilization
                                                  2. Forms of Devolution
                                                    1. Asymmetric Devolution
                                                      1. Differential Powers
                                                        1. Special Status
                                                          1. Negotiated Arrangements
                                                          2. Regional Autonomy
                                                            1. Scotland
                                                              1. Catalonia
                                                                1. Quebec
                                                                2. Provincial Autonomy
                                                                  1. Federal Arrangements
                                                                    1. State Rights
                                                                      1. Local Governance
                                                                    2. Balkanization and Disintegration
                                                                      1. Causes and Consequences
                                                                        1. State Failure
                                                                          1. Ethnic Conflict
                                                                            1. Economic Collapse
                                                                            2. Case Studies
                                                                              1. Yugoslavia
                                                                                1. Soviet Union
                                                                                  1. Czechoslovakia
                                                                              2. Sub-State Administrative Units
                                                                                1. Purpose of Internal Divisions
                                                                                  1. Administrative Efficiency
                                                                                    1. Service Delivery
                                                                                      1. Resource Management
                                                                                        1. Coordination
                                                                                        2. Political Representation
                                                                                          1. Electoral Districts
                                                                                            1. Local Democracy
                                                                                              1. Citizen Participation
                                                                                            2. Hierarchy of Administrative Regions
                                                                                              1. Provinces and States
                                                                                                1. First-Order Divisions
                                                                                                  1. Regional Governments
                                                                                                    1. Federal Units
                                                                                                    2. Counties and Districts
                                                                                                      1. Second-Order Divisions
                                                                                                        1. Local Administration
                                                                                                          1. Service Areas
                                                                                                          2. Municipalities and Localities
                                                                                                            1. Third-Order Divisions
                                                                                                              1. Urban Governance
                                                                                                                1. Rural Administration

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                                                                                                          5. Geopolitics and the Global Order

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                                                                                                          7. Electoral Geography