Oxygen Isotope Systematics

  1. Biological and Ecological Applications
    1. Biogenic Minerals
      1. Bone and Tooth Phosphate
        1. Bioapatite Formation
          1. Body Water Relationships
            1. Dietary Water Sources
              1. Physiological Effects
              2. Shell Carbonates
                1. Precipitation Mechanisms
                  1. Vital Effects
                    1. Environmental Controls
                      1. Ecological Applications
                    2. Physiological Studies
                      1. Body Temperature Reconstruction
                        1. Metabolic Effects
                          1. Thermoregulation
                            1. Environmental Adaptation
                            2. Water Balance
                              1. Drinking Water Sources
                                1. Metabolic Water
                                  1. Water Conservation
                                  2. Migration Studies
                                    1. Geographic Origins
                                      1. Movement Patterns
                                        1. Seasonal Migration
                                      2. Plant Water Relations
                                        1. Water Uptake
                                          1. Root Water Sources
                                            1. Soil Water Variations
                                              1. Seasonal Changes
                                              2. Leaf Water Enrichment
                                                1. Transpiration Effects
                                                  1. Environmental Controls
                                                    1. Humidity
                                                      1. Temperature
                                                        1. Wind Speed
                                                        2. Isotopic Models
                                                        3. Cellulose Formation
                                                          1. Source Water Relationships
                                                            1. Biochemical Fractionation
                                                              1. Environmental Signals
                                                              2. Ecological Applications
                                                                1. Water Stress
                                                                  1. Climate Reconstruction
                                                                    1. Ecosystem Dynamics

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                                                                7. Hydrological and Oceanographic Applications

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                                                                9. Advanced Topics and Emerging Applications