Oxygen Isotope Systematics

  1. Oxygen Isotopes in the Hydrologic Cycle
    1. Global Meteoric Water Relationships
      1. Global Meteoric Water Line (GMWL)
        1. Craig Equation
          1. Slope and Intercept Significance
            1. Global Database
            2. Deuterium Excess
              1. Definition and Calculation
                1. Kinetic Effects
                  1. Humidity Relationships
                  2. Seasonal Variations
                    1. Regional Deviations
                    2. Controls on Precipitation Isotopes
                      1. Ocean Evaporation
                        1. Sea Surface Temperature Effects
                          1. Humidity Influences
                            1. Wind Speed Relationships
                              1. Isotopic Composition of Vapor
                              2. Atmospheric Transport
                                1. Air Mass Trajectories
                                  1. Mixing Processes
                                    1. Altitude Effects During Transport
                                    2. Condensation Processes
                                      1. Cloud Formation Mechanisms
                                        1. Droplet Growth
                                          1. Ice Crystal Formation
                                            1. Precipitation Efficiency
                                            2. Temperature Effect
                                              1. Empirical Relationships
                                                1. Seasonal Patterns
                                                  1. Latitudinal Gradients
                                                    1. Mechanistic Understanding
                                                    2. Geographic Effects
                                                      1. Latitude Effect
                                                        1. Polar Depletion
                                                          1. Tropical Enrichment
                                                            1. Seasonal Amplitude
                                                            2. Altitude Effect
                                                              1. Orographic Precipitation
                                                                1. Adiabatic Cooling
                                                                  1. Elevation Gradients
                                                                  2. Continental Effect
                                                                    1. Distance from Ocean
                                                                      1. Progressive Depletion
                                                                        1. Recycling Effects
                                                                        2. Amount Effect
                                                                          1. Precipitation Intensity
                                                                            1. Convective vs Stratiform
                                                                              1. Regional Variations
                                                                          2. Local Meteoric Water Lines
                                                                            1. Definition and Characteristics
                                                                              1. Calculation Methods
                                                                                1. Deviations from GMWL
                                                                                  1. Evaporation Effects
                                                                                    1. Local Climate Influences
                                                                                      1. Seasonal Variations
                                                                                      2. Hydrological Applications
                                                                                        1. Groundwater Recharge
                                                                                          1. Surface Water Sources
                                                                                            1. Mixing Calculations

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                                                                                        3. Isotopic Fractionation Principles

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                                                                                        5. Paleoclimatic Applications