Oxygen Isotope Systematics

  1. Hydrological and Oceanographic Applications
    1. Surface Water Systems
      1. River and Stream Isotopes
        1. Precipitation Sources
          1. Evaporation Effects
            1. Seasonal Variations
              1. Basin Characteristics
              2. Lake Water Balance
                1. Inflow Components
                  1. Evaporation Losses
                    1. Residence Time Effects
                      1. Stratification Influences
                      2. Reservoir Systems
                        1. Evaporation Quantification
                          1. Inflow Monitoring
                            1. Management Applications
                          2. Groundwater Studies
                            1. Recharge Processes
                              1. Modern Recharge
                                1. Seasonal Patterns
                                  1. Spatial Variations
                                    1. Climate Controls
                                    2. Paleorecharge
                                      1. Age Dating
                                        1. Climate Reconstruction
                                          1. Aquifer Evolution
                                        2. Flow Path Tracing
                                          1. Source Identification
                                            1. Mixing Processes
                                              1. Residence Time
                                                1. Flow Direction
                                                2. Groundwater-Surface Water Interaction
                                                  1. Exchange Quantification
                                                    1. Hyporheic Zone
                                                      1. Discharge Processes
                                                        1. Seasonal Dynamics
                                                        2. Aquifer Characterization
                                                          1. Hydraulic Properties
                                                            1. Geochemical Evolution
                                                              1. Contamination Studies
                                                            2. Oceanographic Applications
                                                              1. Water Mass Identification
                                                                1. Surface Water Masses
                                                                  1. Formation Regions
                                                                    1. Characteristic Properties
                                                                      1. Seasonal Variations
                                                                      2. Intermediate Water Masses
                                                                        1. Formation Processes
                                                                          1. Spreading Pathways
                                                                          2. Deep Water Masses
                                                                            1. Formation Regions
                                                                              1. Thermohaline Circulation
                                                                                1. Mixing Processes
                                                                              2. Ocean Circulation
                                                                                1. Current Systems
                                                                                  1. Upwelling Processes
                                                                                    1. Deep Water Formation
                                                                                      1. Meridional Overturning
                                                                                      2. Paleoceanography
                                                                                        1. Water Mass Evolution
                                                                                          1. Circulation Changes
                                                                                            1. Ice Volume Effects
                                                                                              1. Salinity Reconstructions
                                                                                              2. Air-Sea Exchange
                                                                                                1. Evaporation Processes
                                                                                                  1. Precipitation Input
                                                                                                    1. Isotopic Balance

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                                                                                                6. Geological and Petrological Applications

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                                                                                                8. Biological and Ecological Applications