Oxygen Isotope Systematics

  1. Isotopic Notation and Measurement
    1. Isotope Ratio Concepts
      1. Definition of Isotope Ratios
        1. Primary Oxygen Ratios
          1. ¹⁸O/¹⁶O Ratio
            1. ¹⁷O/¹⁶O Ratio
            2. Ratio Measurement Principles
              1. Precision and Accuracy Requirements
              2. Delta Notation System
                1. Mathematical Definition
                  1. Formula Derivation
                    1. Per Mil Expression
                      1. Advantages of Delta Notation
                        1. Small Variation Detection
                          1. Standardization Benefits
                            1. Inter-Study Comparisons
                            2. Calculation Examples
                              1. Common Notation Conventions
                              2. International Reference Standards
                                1. Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW)
                                  1. Definition and Composition
                                    1. Historical Development
                                      1. Primary Standard Role
                                      2. Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB)
                                        1. Definition and Origin
                                          1. Transition from PDB
                                            1. Carbonate Applications
                                            2. Standard Light Antarctic Precipitation (SLAP)
                                              1. Definition and Purpose
                                                1. Calibration Role
                                                2. Standard Hierarchy
                                                  1. Inter-Laboratory Calibration
                                                    1. Working Standards
                                                    2. Analytical Techniques
                                                      1. Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry Principles
                                                        1. Sample Ionization
                                                          1. Mass Separation
                                                            1. Ion Detection
                                                              1. Signal Processing
                                                              2. Sample Preparation Methods
                                                                1. Water Sample Preparation
                                                                  1. Direct Injection
                                                                    1. Equilibration Techniques
                                                                    2. Carbonate Sample Preparation
                                                                      1. Acid Digestion
                                                                        1. CO₂ Extraction
                                                                        2. Silicate Sample Preparation
                                                                          1. Fluorination Techniques
                                                                            1. Laser Ablation
                                                                            2. Organic Sample Preparation
                                                                            3. Analytical Precision
                                                                              1. Quality Control Procedures
                                                                                1. Sources of Analytical Error
                                                                                  1. Instrumental Drift
                                                                                    1. Memory Effects
                                                                                      1. Contamination
                                                                                        1. Calibration Errors

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                                                                                    1. Fundamentals of Stable Isotope Geochemistry

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                                                                                    3. Isotopic Fractionation Principles