Nuclear Safety and Waste Management

  1. Long-Term Disposal of Nuclear Waste
    1. Disposal Philosophy
      1. Isolation Strategy
        1. Long-Term Safety
          1. Intergenerational Equity
          2. Disposal Concepts
            1. Near-Surface Disposal (for LLW)
              1. Trench and Vault Systems
                1. Trench Design
                  1. Concrete Vaults
                    1. Tumulus Design
                    2. Engineered Barriers
                      1. Waste Containers
                        1. Backfill Materials
                          1. Cover Systems
                        2. Deep Geological Disposal (for HLW and SNF)
                          1. Repository Concept
                            1. Depth Requirements
                              1. Geological Isolation
                              2. Repository Siting
                                1. Site Selection Criteria
                                  1. Site Investigation
                                  2. Long-Term Isolation
                                    1. Isolation Timeframes
                                      1. Performance Objectives
                                  3. Deep Geological Repositories (DGR)
                                    1. Repository Concepts
                                      1. Mined Repository
                                        1. Borehole Disposal
                                        2. The Multi-Barrier Concept
                                          1. Barrier Functions
                                            1. Containment
                                              1. Isolation
                                                1. Retardation
                                                2. The Waste Form
                                                  1. Waste Matrix Properties
                                                    1. Radionuclide Immobilization
                                                    2. The Waste Canister/Container
                                                      1. Container Materials
                                                        1. Corrosion Resistance
                                                          1. Structural Integrity
                                                          2. The Buffer and Backfill (Engineered Barriers)
                                                            1. Bentonite Clay
                                                              1. Swelling Properties
                                                                1. Hydraulic Conductivity
                                                                2. The Host Rock (Natural Barrier)
                                                                  1. Rock Types
                                                                    1. Geological Properties
                                                                      1. Hydrogeological Properties
                                                                    2. Site Selection and Characterization
                                                                      1. Site Selection Process
                                                                        1. Screening Criteria
                                                                          1. Comparative Assessment
                                                                          2. Geological Stability
                                                                            1. Tectonic Stability
                                                                              1. Long-Term Geological Evolution
                                                                              2. Geochemical Conditions
                                                                                1. Groundwater Chemistry
                                                                                  1. Redox Conditions
                                                                                    1. pH and Ionic Strength
                                                                                    2. Hydrogeological Conditions
                                                                                      1. Groundwater Flow
                                                                                        1. Hydraulic Properties
                                                                                          1. Transport Properties
                                                                                          2. Seismic and Volcanic Considerations
                                                                                            1. Seismic Hazard Assessment
                                                                                              1. Volcanic Activity Assessment
                                                                                            2. Repository Design and Construction
                                                                                              1. Underground Excavation
                                                                                                1. Excavation Methods
                                                                                                  1. Ground Support
                                                                                                    1. Ventilation Requirements
                                                                                                    2. Ventilation and Access
                                                                                                      1. Shaft Design
                                                                                                        1. Tunnel Layout
                                                                                                          1. Air Flow Systems
                                                                                                          2. Monitoring Systems
                                                                                                            1. Construction Monitoring
                                                                                                              1. Environmental Monitoring
                                                                                                              2. Waste Emplacement
                                                                                                                1. Emplacement Methods
                                                                                                                  1. Remote Handling
                                                                                                                2. Post-Closure Safety Assessment
                                                                                                                  1. Assessment Methodology
                                                                                                                    1. Scenario Development
                                                                                                                      1. Normal Evolution Scenario
                                                                                                                        1. Alternative Scenarios
                                                                                                                        2. Consequence Modeling
                                                                                                                          1. Near-Field Models
                                                                                                                            1. Far-Field Models
                                                                                                                              1. Biosphere Models
                                                                                                                              2. Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analysis
                                                                                                                                1. Parameter Uncertainty
                                                                                                                                  1. Model Uncertainty
                                                                                                                                  2. Performance Indicators
                                                                                                                                    1. Dose Criteria
                                                                                                                                      1. Risk Criteria
                                                                                                                                    2. Long-Term Monitoring
                                                                                                                                      1. Monitoring Programs
                                                                                                                                        1. Monitoring Technologies
                                                                                                                                          1. Data Management

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                                                                                                                                    7. Decommissioning of Nuclear Facilities