Nuclear Safety and Waste Management

  1. Nuclear Waste Management
    1. Sources and Classification of Radioactive Waste
      1. Waste Classification Systems
        1. Activity-Based Classification
          1. Heat Generation Classification
            1. Alpha Content Classification
            2. High-Level Waste (HLW)
              1. Spent Nuclear Fuel
                1. Fuel Assembly Characteristics
                  1. Burnup and Cooling Time
                  2. Reprocessing Waste
                    1. Vitrified Waste
                      1. Liquid High-Level Waste
                    2. Spent Nuclear Fuel (SNF)
                      1. Fuel Types
                        1. Light Water Reactor Fuel
                          1. Heavy Water Reactor Fuel
                            1. Research Reactor Fuel
                            2. SNF Characteristics
                              1. Radioactivity Inventory
                                1. Heat Generation
                                  1. Physical Dimensions
                                2. Intermediate-Level Waste (ILW)
                                  1. Reactor Components
                                    1. Activated Metals
                                      1. Ion Exchange Resins
                                      2. Chemical Sludges
                                        1. Evaporator Bottoms
                                          1. Filter Sludges
                                        2. Low-Level Waste (LLW)
                                          1. Contaminated Materials
                                            1. Protective Clothing
                                              1. Tools and Equipment
                                              2. Laboratory Waste
                                                1. Glassware
                                                  1. Biological Waste
                                                  2. Medical Waste
                                                    1. Radiopharmaceutical Waste
                                                      1. Sealed Sources
                                                    2. Transuranic (TRU) Waste
                                                      1. Plutonium-Contaminated Waste
                                                        1. Weapons Production Waste
                                                          1. Fuel Fabrication Waste
                                                          2. TRU Waste Categories
                                                            1. Contact-Handled TRU
                                                              1. Remote-Handled TRU
                                                            2. Very Low-Level Waste (VLLW)
                                                              1. Clearance Levels
                                                                1. Disposal Options
                                                                2. Waste from Decommissioning
                                                                  1. Structural Materials
                                                                    1. Concrete
                                                                      1. Steel Components
                                                                      2. Equipment and Piping
                                                                        1. Contaminated Systems
                                                                          1. Activated Components
                                                                        2. Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM)
                                                                          1. Industrial Sources
                                                                            1. Oil and Gas Industry
                                                                              1. Mining Operations
                                                                              2. Medical Sources
                                                                                1. Diagnostic Procedures
                                                                                  1. Therapeutic Applications
                                                                              3. The Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Generation
                                                                                1. Fuel Cycle Overview
                                                                                  1. Open Fuel Cycle
                                                                                    1. Closed Fuel Cycle
                                                                                    2. Front End: Mining, Milling, Conversion, Enrichment, Fuel Fabrication
                                                                                      1. Uranium Mining and Milling
                                                                                        1. Mining Methods
                                                                                          1. Mill Tailings
                                                                                            1. Environmental Impacts
                                                                                            2. Conversion to UF6
                                                                                              1. Conversion Process
                                                                                                1. Waste Streams
                                                                                                2. Enrichment Processes
                                                                                                  1. Gaseous Diffusion
                                                                                                    1. Gas Centrifuge
                                                                                                      1. Depleted Uranium
                                                                                                      2. Fuel Fabrication
                                                                                                        1. Pellet Production
                                                                                                          1. Assembly Manufacturing
                                                                                                            1. Fabrication Waste
                                                                                                          2. Back End: Spent Fuel Management
                                                                                                            1. Spent Fuel Storage
                                                                                                              1. Pool Storage
                                                                                                                1. Dry Storage
                                                                                                                2. Reprocessing and Recycling
                                                                                                                  1. PUREX Process
                                                                                                                    1. Advanced Reprocessing
                                                                                                                    2. Waste Streams from Reprocessing
                                                                                                                      1. High-Level Liquid Waste
                                                                                                                        1. Intermediate-Level Waste
                                                                                                                          1. Low-Level Waste
                                                                                                                          2. Open Fuel Cycle (Direct Disposal)
                                                                                                                            1. Once-Through Cycle
                                                                                                                              1. Direct Disposal Concept
                                                                                                                              2. Closed Fuel Cycle (Reprocessing and Recycling)
                                                                                                                                1. Uranium Recovery
                                                                                                                                  1. Plutonium Recycling
                                                                                                                                    1. Minor Actinide Management
                                                                                                                                2. Waste Characterization
                                                                                                                                  1. Characterization Requirements
                                                                                                                                    1. Regulatory Requirements
                                                                                                                                      1. Waste Acceptance Criteria
                                                                                                                                      2. Radiochemical Analysis
                                                                                                                                        1. Radionuclide Inventory
                                                                                                                                          1. Key Radionuclides
                                                                                                                                            1. Scaling Factors
                                                                                                                                            2. Activity Measurement
                                                                                                                                              1. Gamma Spectroscopy
                                                                                                                                                1. Alpha Spectroscopy
                                                                                                                                                  1. Liquid Scintillation Counting
                                                                                                                                                2. Physical and Chemical Properties
                                                                                                                                                  1. Volume and Mass
                                                                                                                                                    1. Waste Volume Estimation
                                                                                                                                                      1. Density Measurements
                                                                                                                                                      2. Chemical Composition
                                                                                                                                                        1. Elemental Analysis
                                                                                                                                                          1. Chemical Form
                                                                                                                                                          2. Physical Form
                                                                                                                                                            1. Solid Waste
                                                                                                                                                              1. Liquid Waste
                                                                                                                                                                1. Gaseous Waste
                                                                                                                                                              2. Waste Acceptance Criteria (WAC)
                                                                                                                                                                1. Regulatory Limits
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Activity Limits
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Chemical Limits
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Packaging Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Container Specifications
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Documentation Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                    3. Waste Treatment and Conditioning (Pre-disposal Management)
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Treatment Objectives
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Volume Reduction
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Hazard Reduction
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Stabilization
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Volume Reduction Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Compaction
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Mechanical Compaction
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Supercompaction
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Incineration
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Controlled Air Incineration
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Plasma Arc Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Melting
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Metal Melting
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Glass Melting
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Chemical and Physical Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Evaporation
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Forced Circulation Evaporators
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Thin Film Evaporators
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Ion Exchange
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Resin Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Process Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Precipitation
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Chemical Precipitation
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Co-precipitation
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Filtration
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Membrane Filtration
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Depth Filtration
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Solidification and Immobilization
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Vitrification (Glassification)
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Borosilicate Glass
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Melter Technologies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Glass Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Cementation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Portland Cement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Polymer-Modified Cement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Bituminization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Bitumen Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Process Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Polymerization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Polymer Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Polymerization Process
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Encapsulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Macro-encapsulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Micro-encapsulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            3. Interim Storage of Radioactive Waste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Storage Principles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Retrievability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Safety and Security
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Spent Fuel Pools (Wet Storage)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Pool Design and Operation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Pool Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Cooling Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Fuel Handling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Water Chemistry Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Boron Concentration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. pH Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Corrosion Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Dry Cask Storage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Cask Types and Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Metal Casks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Concrete Casks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Dual-Purpose Casks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Storage Pad Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Foundation Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Security Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Heat Removal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Passive Air Cooling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Thermal Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Engineered Surface Storage Facilities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Facility Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Modular Vaults
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Engineered Trenches
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Security and Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Physical Security
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Radiation Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Environmental Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Transportation of Radioactive Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Transportation Framework
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. International Coordination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Regulations and Standards (IAEA)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Transport Regulations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Safety Standards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Security Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Classification of Packages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Excepted Packages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Industrial Packages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Type A Packages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Type B Packages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Transport Licensing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Package Approval
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Shipment Authorization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Transport Cask Design and Certification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Design Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Normal Conditions of Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Accident Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Structural Integrity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Impact Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Puncture Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Shielding Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Gamma Shielding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Neutron Shielding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Thermal Performance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Heat Dissipation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Fire Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Criticality Safety
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Subcriticality Assurance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Fissile Material Limits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Emergency Response for Transport Accidents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Incident Response Procedures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. First Responder Actions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Technical Support
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Notification and Coordination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Emergency Contacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Regulatory Notification

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  4. Operational Safety and Accident Analysis

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  6. Long-Term Disposal of Nuclear Waste