Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)

9.

Multinuclear NMR

9.1.

9.1.1.

Natural Abundance Challenges

9.1.1.1.

Low Sensitivity

9.1.1.2.

Long Acquisition Times

9.1.1.3.

Signal Averaging

9.1.2.

Proton-Decoupled Spectra

9.1.2.1.

Broadband Decoupling

9.1.2.2.

Spectral Simplification

9.1.2.3.

Quantitative Considerations

9.1.3.

DEPT Experiments

9.1.3.1.

Polarization Transfer

9.1.3.2.

Multiplicity Determination

9.1.3.3.

CH₃, CH₂, CH Differentiation

9.1.4.

Chemical Shift Interpretation

9.1.4.1.

Functional Group Ranges

9.1.4.2.

Substituent Effects

9.1.4.3.

Stereochemical Information

9.2.

Nitrogen-15 NMR

9.2.1.

Isotopic Labeling

9.2.1.1.

Enrichment Strategies

9.2.1.2.

Biosynthetic Incorporation

9.2.1.3.

Chemical Synthesis

9.2.2.

Chemical Shift Ranges

9.2.2.1.

Amines and Amides

9.2.2.2.

9.2.2.3.

Nitro Compounds

9.2.3.

Coupling Patterns

9.2.3.1.

9.2.3.2.

Long-Range Effects

9.2.3.3.

Quadrupolar Effects

9.3.

Fluorine-19 NMR

9.3.1.

High Sensitivity

9.3.1.1.

100% Natural Abundance

9.3.1.2.

Large Gyromagnetic Ratio

9.3.1.3.

No Decoupling Required

9.3.2.

Chemical Shift Range

9.3.2.1.

Wide Dispersion

9.3.2.2.

Environmental Sensitivity

9.3.2.3.

Reference Standards

9.3.3.

9.3.3.1.

Pharmaceutical Analysis

9.3.3.2.

Polymer Characterization

9.3.3.3.

Metabolic Studies

9.4.

Phosphorus-31 NMR

9.4.1.

Biological Applications

9.4.1.1.

ATP and Energy Metabolism

9.4.1.2.

Membrane Phospholipids

9.4.1.3.

9.4.2.

Chemical Applications

9.4.2.1.

Organophosphorus Compounds

9.4.2.2.

Catalysis Studies

9.4.2.3.

Coordination Chemistry

9.4.3.

Coupling Patterns

9.4.3.1.

9.4.3.2.

9.4.3.3.

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8. Two-Dimensional NMR Spectroscopy

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10. Specialized NMR Techniques