Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)

  1. Spin-Spin Coupling and Multiplicity
    1. Mechanism of J-Coupling
      1. Through-Bond Coupling
        1. Electron-Mediated Interaction
          1. Fermi Contact Interaction
            1. Orbital Overlap
            2. Coupling Pathways
              1. Bond Connectivity
                1. Distance Limitations
                  1. Stereochemical Effects
                2. Coupling Patterns and Analysis
                  1. First-Order Coupling
                    1. n+1 Rule
                      1. Equal Coupling Constants
                        1. Symmetric Patterns
                        2. Multiplicity Nomenclature
                          1. Singlet (s)
                            1. Doublet (d)
                              1. Triplet (t)
                                1. Quartet (q)
                                  1. Multiplet (m)
                                  2. Coupling Constant Measurement
                                    1. Peak Separation
                                      1. Hertz Units
                                        1. Field Independence
                                        2. Complex Coupling Patterns
                                          1. Overlapping Multiplets
                                            1. Unequal Coupling Constants
                                              1. Higher-Order Effects
                                            2. Types of Coupling
                                              1. Geminal Coupling (²J)
                                                1. Two-Bond Coupling
                                                  1. Typical Values
                                                    1. Stereochemical Dependence
                                                    2. Vicinal Coupling (³J)
                                                      1. Three-Bond Coupling
                                                        1. Karplus Relationship
                                                          1. Dihedral Angle Dependence
                                                          2. Long-Range Coupling (⁴J, ⁵J)
                                                            1. Four and Five-Bond Coupling
                                                              1. W-Coupling
                                                                1. Allylic and Homoallylic Coupling
                                                              2. Second-Order Effects
                                                                1. Magnetic Equivalence
                                                                  1. Chemical vs Magnetic Equivalence
                                                                    1. Symmetry Considerations
                                                                    2. Strong Coupling
                                                                      1. Comparable J and Δν
                                                                        1. Roofing Effects
                                                                          1. Line Intensity Changes
                                                                          2. Spin System Notation
                                                                            1. AX Systems
                                                                              1. AB Systems
                                                                                1. AMX Systems
                                                                                  1. Higher-Order Systems

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                                                                              4. Chemical Shift and Spectral Interpretation

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                                                                              6. Integration and Quantitative Analysis