Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)

  1. Integration and Quantitative Analysis
    1. Peak Integration Principles
      1. Area Proportionality
        1. Number of Nuclei
          1. Relaxation Considerations
            1. Saturation Effects
            2. Integration Procedures
              1. Baseline Definition
                1. Integration Limits
                  1. Phase Sensitivity
                  2. Relative Integration
                    1. Ratio Determination
                      1. Normalization Methods
                        1. Statistical Considerations
                      2. Quantitative NMR (qNMR)
                        1. Absolute Quantification
                          1. Internal Standards
                            1. External Standards
                              1. Standard Addition
                              2. Relaxation Time Considerations
                                1. Complete Relaxation
                                  1. Pulse Delay Optimization
                                    1. T₁ Measurements
                                    2. Sources of Error
                                      1. Incomplete Relaxation
                                        1. Saturation Effects
                                          1. Sample Preparation
                                            1. Instrumental Factors
                                            2. Validation and Accuracy
                                              1. Method Development
                                                1. Precision Assessment
                                                  1. Bias Evaluation
                                                    1. Uncertainty Analysis

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                                                5. Spin-Spin Coupling and Multiplicity

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                                                7. Advanced One-Dimensional Techniques