Modern and Contemporary Architecture

Modern and Contemporary Architecture encompasses the major architectural movements from the early 20th century to the present day, representing a significant break from historical precedents. Modern Architecture, which flourished from the 1920s to the 1960s, championed the principle of "form follows function," rejecting ornamentation in favor of clean lines, geometric shapes, and the use of new industrial materials like steel, glass, and reinforced concrete. Evolving from and often reacting to Modernism, Contemporary Architecture, from the late 20th century onward, is characterized by a more pluralistic and experimental approach, utilizing advanced computer-aided design, prioritizing sustainability, and exploring a wide array of expressive forms, from deconstruction to high-tech and sculptural designs.

1. Foundations of Modern Architecture
   1. Historical Context and Pre-Industrial Traditions
      1. The Industrial Revolution
         1. Technological Innovations
         2. Steam Power and Mechanization
         3. Transportation Revolution
         4. Urbanization and Demographic Shifts
         5. Rural to Urban Migration
         6. Population Growth in Cities
         7. Changing Patterns of Work and Life
         8. Factory System
         9. New Social Classes
         10. Time and Labor Organization
      2. Pre-Industrial Building Traditions
         1. Vernacular Architecture
         2. Regional Building Methods
         3. Local Materials and Climate Response
         4. Traditional Craft Systems
         5. Classical Architecture
         6. Orders and Proportional Systems
         7. Institutional and Monumental Buildings
         8. Gothic Architecture
         9. Structural Innovations
         10. Symbolic and Religious Functions
   2. Material and Technological Revolution
      1. New Building Materials
         1. Cast Iron
            1. Production Methods
            2. Structural Properties
            3. Fire Resistance Issues
            4. Early Applications in Bridges
            5. Early Applications in Buildings
         2. Steel
            1. Development of Steel Production
            2. Bessemer Process
            3. Structural Advantages over Iron
            4. Strength-to-Weight Ratio
            5. Connection Methods
         3. Reinforced Concrete
            1. Invention and Patents
            2. François Hennebique's System
            3. Structural and Aesthetic Possibilities
            4. Monolithic Construction
            5. Plastic Qualities
         4. Plate Glass
            1. Advances in Glass Production
            2. Cylinder and Crown Glass Methods
            3. Float Glass Process
            4. Impact on Façade Design
            5. Natural Light and Transparency
      2. New Building Typologies
         1. Industrial Buildings
            1. Factories and Mills
            2. Functional Requirements
            3. Spatial Organization
            4. Daylight and Ventilation
            5. Fire Safety Considerations
         2. Transportation Architecture
            1. Railway Stations
            2. Large-Span Structures
            3. Integration of Engineering and Architecture
            4. Passenger Flow and Circulation
            5. Bridges and Viaducts
         3. Exhibition Architecture
            1. The Crystal Palace
            2. Prefabrication and Assembly
            3. Temporary and Modular Construction
            4. International Exhibitions
      3. Mass Production and Prefabrication
         1. Standardized Components
         2. Interchangeable Parts
         3. Quality Control
         4. Modular Construction Systems
         5. Kit-of-Parts Approach
         6. Impact on Labor and Craft
         7. Deskilling of Traditional Trades
         8. New Construction Methods
   3. Theoretical and Social Foundations
      1. Enlightenment and Rationalism
         1. Emphasis on Reason and Logic
         2. Scientific Method
         3. Influence on Architectural Theory
         4. Functionalist Thinking
         5. Progress and Reform Ideals
      2. Utopian Socialism
         1. Social Reform Movements
         2. Robert Owen's New Lanark
         3. Charles Fourier's Phalansteries
         4. Visionary Urban Plans
         5. Architecture as Social Reform
      3. Architectural Theory and Criticism
         1. Eugène Viollet-le-Duc
            1. Structural Rationalism
            2. Gothic Revival Theory
            3. Restoration Philosophy
            4. Influence on Modernist Thought
         2. John Ruskin
            1. The Seven Lamps of Architecture
            2. Truth to Materials
            3. Moral Dimension of Architecture
         3. Gottfried Semper
            1. The Four Elements of Architecture
            2. Materialist Theory
   4. Reactions to Industrialization
      1. The Arts and Crafts Movement
         1. Philosophy and Principles
            1. John Ruskin's Influence
            2. William Morris's Vision
            3. Medieval Guild System Revival
         2. Emphasis on Craftsmanship
            1. Hand Production vs Machine Production
            2. Individual Creativity
            3. Quality over Quantity
         3. Material Honesty and Integrity
            1. Truth to Materials
            2. Structural Expression
            3. Regional Materials
         4. Social Reform and Design
            1. Democratic Art
            2. Accessible Design
            3. Worker Conditions
      2. Art Nouveau
         1. Philosophical Foundations
            1. Organic Forms and Ornamentation
            2. Nature as Inspiration
            3. Rejection of Historical Styles
         2. Integration of Arts
            1. Gesamtkunstwerk Concept
            2. Architecture and Decorative Arts
            3. Unified Design Approach
         3. Material Innovation
            1. Use of New Materials
            2. Iron and Glass Integration
            3. Ceramic and Mosaic Work
         4. Regional Variations
            1. Belgian Art Nouveau
               1. Victor Horta
               2. Hôtel Tassel
               3. Maison du Peuple
            2. French Art Nouveau
               1. Hector Guimard
               2. Paris Metro Entrances
               3. Castel Béranger
            3. Catalan Modernisme
               1. Antoni Gaudí
               2. Sagrada Família
               3. Casa Batlló
               4. Park Güell