Modern and Contemporary Architecture

  1. The International Style and High Modernism (1920s-1960s)
    1. Theoretical Foundations and Principles
      1. Core Design Principles
        1. Rejection of Historical Ornament
          1. Emphasis on Volume over Mass
            1. Regularity and Standardization
              1. Asymmetrical Composition
                1. Machine Aesthetic
                2. Material Philosophy
                  1. Modern Materials Expression
                    1. Steel Structure
                      1. Glass Curtain Walls
                        1. Reinforced Concrete
                        2. Truth to Materials
                          1. Industrial Production Methods
                          2. Functionalist Ideology
                            1. Form Follows Function
                              1. Rational Planning
                                1. Efficiency and Economy
                                  1. Social Reform Through Design
                                2. The Bauhaus School
                                  1. Institutional Development
                                    1. Founding and Philosophy
                                      1. Walter Gropius's Vision
                                        1. Art and Technology Unity
                                          1. Craft to Industry Transition
                                          2. Location Changes
                                            1. Weimar Period
                                              1. Dessau Period
                                                1. Berlin Period
                                                  1. Closure by Nazis
                                                2. Educational Philosophy
                                                  1. Curriculum Structure
                                                    1. Preliminary Course
                                                      1. Workshop Training
                                                        1. Building Department
                                                        2. Teaching Methods
                                                          1. Learning by Doing
                                                            1. Material Experimentation
                                                              1. Collaborative Projects
                                                            2. Workshop Departments
                                                              1. Metal Workshop
                                                                1. Lighting Design
                                                                  1. Furniture Hardware
                                                                  2. Furniture Workshop
                                                                    1. Tubular Steel Furniture
                                                                      1. Mass Production Design
                                                                      2. Textile Workshop
                                                                        1. Industrial Fabric Design
                                                                          1. Color Theory Application
                                                                          2. Typography and Graphic Design
                                                                            1. Photography Workshop
                                                                            2. Key Faculty and Directors
                                                                              1. Walter Gropius
                                                                                1. Founding Director
                                                                                  1. Architectural Theory
                                                                                  2. Hannes Meyer
                                                                                    1. Functionalist Approach
                                                                                      1. Social Architecture
                                                                                      2. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
                                                                                        1. Final Director
                                                                                          1. Architectural Focus
                                                                                          2. Johannes Itten
                                                                                            1. Preliminary Course
                                                                                              1. Color Theory
                                                                                              2. László Moholy-Nagy
                                                                                                1. New Vision Photography
                                                                                                  1. Light and Space
                                                                                                2. Bauhaus Buildings and Legacy
                                                                                                  1. Dessau Bauhaus Building
                                                                                                    1. Functional Zoning
                                                                                                      1. Glass Curtain Wall
                                                                                                        1. Asymmetrical Composition
                                                                                                        2. Masters' Houses
                                                                                                          1. Standardized Design
                                                                                                            1. Modern Living Concepts
                                                                                                        3. Le Corbusier
                                                                                                          1. Architectural Theory
                                                                                                            1. "Five Points of a New Architecture"
                                                                                                              1. Pilotis
                                                                                                                1. Free Ground Plan
                                                                                                                  1. Free Façade
                                                                                                                    1. Horizontal Windows
                                                                                                                      1. Roof Garden
                                                                                                                      2. "A House is a Machine for Living"
                                                                                                                        1. Modular Proportional System
                                                                                                                          1. Dom-Ino House Concept
                                                                                                                          2. Urban Planning Vision
                                                                                                                            1. The Radiant City
                                                                                                                              1. Vertical Garden City
                                                                                                                                1. Separation of Functions
                                                                                                                                  1. High-Rise Living
                                                                                                                                  2. Ville Contemporaine
                                                                                                                                    1. City for Three Million
                                                                                                                                      1. Geometric Planning
                                                                                                                                      2. Athens Charter Principles
                                                                                                                                      3. Key Architectural Works
                                                                                                                                        1. Villa Savoye
                                                                                                                                          1. Five Points Demonstration
                                                                                                                                            1. Promenade Architecturale
                                                                                                                                            2. Unité d'Habitation
                                                                                                                                              1. Vertical Village Concept
                                                                                                                                                1. Modular Construction
                                                                                                                                                  1. Social Facilities Integration
                                                                                                                                                  2. Notre Dame du Haut
                                                                                                                                                    1. Sculptural Concrete
                                                                                                                                                      1. Light and Shadow Play
                                                                                                                                                      2. Villa Stein
                                                                                                                                                        1. Maison Citrohan
                                                                                                                                                        2. Later Works and Béton Brut
                                                                                                                                                          1. Chandigarh Planning
                                                                                                                                                            1. La Tourette Monastery
                                                                                                                                                              1. Carpenter Center
                                                                                                                                                            2. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
                                                                                                                                                              1. Design Philosophy
                                                                                                                                                                1. "Less is More"
                                                                                                                                                                  1. "God is in the Details"
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Universal Space Concept
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Structural Clarity
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Material and Construction
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Steel and Glass Architecture
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Skin and Bones Approach
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Precise Detailing
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Noble Materials
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Spatial Concepts
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Open Plan Flexibility
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Flowing Space
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Indoor-Outdoor Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Minimal Structural Expression
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Key Works
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Barcelona Pavilion
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Material Luxury
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Spatial Flow
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Horizontal Emphasis
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Farnsworth House
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Glass Box Concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Nature Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Minimal Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Seagram Building
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Corporate Modernism
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Bronze and Glass
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Plaza Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Crown Hall
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Tugendhat House
                                                                                                                                                                                                          3. International Spread and Institutionalization
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. CIAM Organization
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Founding and Objectives
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Modern Architecture Promotion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. International Cooperation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Urban Planning Focus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Congress Meetings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. La Sarraz Declaration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Frankfurt Housing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Athens Charter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Functional City Concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. The 1932 MoMA Exhibition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. "The International Style" Definition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Henry-Russell Hitchcock
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Philip Johnson
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Style Criteria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Volume Expression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Regularity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Ornament Avoidance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. American Reception
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      3. Global Modernism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. European Emigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Nazi Persecution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. American Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Teaching Positions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Regional Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Climate Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Local Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Cultural Integration

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Previous

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Early Modernism (1900-1920s)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Go to top

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Next

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              4. Regional Modernisms and Post-War Developments