Modern and Contemporary Architecture

Contemporary Architecture (1990s-Present)

6.1.

Digital Revolution in Architecture

6.1.1.

Computer-Aided Design Evolution

6.1.1.1.

CAD Software Development

6.1.1.2.

3D Modeling Capabilities

6.1.1.3.

Parametric Design Tools

6.1.1.4.

Building Information Modeling

6.1.2.

Digital Fabrication

6.1.2.1.

Computer-Aided Manufacturing

6.1.2.2.

CNC Machining

6.1.2.3.

Robotic Construction

6.1.2.4.

3D Printing in Architecture

6.1.3.

6.1.3.1.

6.1.3.2.

6.1.3.3.

6.1.3.4.

Performance-Based Design

6.1.3.5.

Patrik Schumacher's Theory

6.1.4.

Key Practitioners

6.1.4.1.

Zaha Hadid Architects

6.1.4.1.1.

6.1.4.1.2.

6.1.4.2.

6.1.4.2.1.

6.1.4.2.2.

6.1.4.3.

6.1.4.3.1.

6.1.4.3.2.

Interactive Environments

6.2.

Sustainable and Environmental Architecture

6.2.1.

Green Building Movement

6.2.1.1.

Environmental Awareness

6.2.1.2.

Energy Crisis Response

6.2.1.3.

Climate Change Concerns

6.2.1.4.

Resource Conservation

6.2.2.

Design Strategies

6.2.2.1.

Passive Solar Design

6.2.2.2.

Natural Ventilation

6.2.2.3.

Daylighting Optimization

6.2.2.4.

Thermal Mass Utilization

6.2.2.5.

Water Management Systems

6.2.3.

Certification Systems

6.2.3.1.

LEED Certification

6.2.3.1.1.

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design

6.2.3.1.2.

Point-Based Rating System

6.2.3.2.

BREEAM Certification

6.2.3.2.1.

Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method

6.2.3.3.

Living Building Challenge

6.2.3.4.

WELL Building Standard

6.2.4.

Material Innovation

6.2.4.1.

Renewable Materials

6.2.4.2.

Recycled Content

6.2.4.3.

Low-Impact Manufacturing

6.2.4.4.

Local Sourcing

6.2.4.5.

Cradle-to-Cradle Design

6.2.5.

Biophilic Design

6.2.5.1.

Nature Connection

6.2.5.2.

Green Roofs and Living Walls

6.2.5.3.

Natural Light and Ventilation

6.2.5.4.

Biomimetic Design

6.2.6.

Net-Zero and Regenerative Design

6.2.6.1.

Carbon Neutral Buildings

6.2.6.2.

Energy Production

6.2.6.3.

Ecosystem Services

6.2.6.4.

Circular Economy Principles

6.2.7.

6.2.7.1.

6.2.7.1.1.

6.2.7.1.2.

6.2.7.2.

6.2.7.2.1.

6.2.7.2.2.

6.2.7.3.

6.2.7.3.1.

Ecological Architecture

6.2.7.3.2.

Building Physics Integration

6.3.

Minimalism and Reduction

6.3.1.

Philosophical Foundations

6.3.1.1.

6.3.1.2.

6.3.1.3.

6.3.1.4.

6.3.2.

Design Characteristics

6.3.2.1.

Reduction of Elements

6.3.2.2.

Monochromatic Palettes

6.3.2.3.

Clean Lines and Surfaces

6.3.2.4.

Emphasis on Proportion

6.3.2.5.

Absence of Ornament

6.3.3.

Key Practitioners

6.3.3.1.

Tadao Ando

6.3.3.1.1.

Concrete Architecture

6.3.3.1.2.

Church of the Light

6.3.3.1.3.

Water Temple

6.3.3.1.4.

Geometric Compositions

6.3.3.2.

John Pawson

6.3.3.2.1.

Spatial Purity

6.3.3.2.2.

Material Refinement

6.3.3.2.3.

Monastery of Novy Dvur

6.3.3.3.

Peter Zumthor

6.3.3.3.1.

Atmospheric Architecture

6.3.3.3.2.

6.3.3.3.3.

6.3.3.4.

6.3.3.4.1.

6.3.3.4.2.

6.4.

Iconic Architecture and the Starchitect Phenomenon

6.4.1.

Cultural and Economic Context

6.4.1.1.

Globalization Effects

6.4.1.2.

City Branding Strategies

6.4.1.3.

Tourism and Cultural Economy

6.4.1.4.

Media and Celebrity Culture

6.4.2.

The "Bilbao Effect"

6.4.2.1.

Guggenheim Museum Bilbao

6.4.2.2.

Urban Regeneration

6.4.2.3.

Cultural Tourism

6.4.2.4.

Economic Impact

6.4.3.

Characteristics of Iconic Buildings

6.4.3.1.

Sculptural and Expressive Forms

6.4.3.2.

Landmark Quality

6.4.3.3.

Media-Friendly Design

6.4.3.4.

Technological Innovation

6.4.3.5.

Cultural Symbolism

6.4.4.

Global Celebrity Architects

6.4.4.1.

Frank Gehry

6.4.4.1.1.

Sculptural Architecture

6.4.4.1.2.

Material Innovation

6.4.4.2.

Rem Koolhaas

6.4.4.2.1.

Conceptual Architecture

6.4.4.2.2.

6.4.4.3.

6.4.4.3.1.

6.4.4.3.2.

6.4.4.4.

6.4.4.4.1.

6.4.4.4.2.

Sustainable Innovation

6.4.5.

Critiques of Starchitecture

6.4.5.1.

Spectacle over Function

6.4.5.2.

Cultural Homogenization

6.4.5.3.

Economic Inequality

6.4.5.4.

Sustainability Concerns

6.5.

Socially Engaged and Community Architecture

6.5.1.

Participatory Design

6.5.1.1.

Community Involvement

6.5.1.2.

User-Centered Design

6.5.1.3.

Co-Design Processes

6.5.1.4.

Local Knowledge Integration

6.5.2.

Affordable Housing Innovation

6.5.2.1.

Social Housing Projects

6.5.2.2.

Incremental Housing

6.5.2.3.

Self-Build Programs

6.5.2.4.

Cooperative Housing

6.5.3.

Humanitarian Architecture

6.5.3.1.

Disaster Relief Shelters

6.5.3.2.

6.5.3.3.

6.5.3.4.

6.5.4.

6.5.4.1.

6.5.4.1.1.

Architecture for the Poor

6.5.4.1.2.

6.5.4.2.

6.5.4.2.1.

6.5.4.2.2.

6.5.4.3.

6.5.4.3.1.

Community Service Learning

6.5.4.3.2.

Auburn Architecture Program

6.5.4.4.

Architecture for Humanity

6.5.4.4.1.

Disaster Relief Design

6.5.4.4.2.

Global Outreach

6.6.

Adaptive Reuse and Historic Preservation

6.6.1.

Conservation Philosophy

6.6.1.1.

Heritage Value Recognition

6.6.1.2.

Authenticity Questions

6.6.1.3.

Intervention Strategies

6.6.1.4.

Reversibility Principles

6.6.2.

Adaptive Reuse Strategies

6.6.2.1.

Function Change

6.6.2.2.

Structural Adaptation

6.6.2.3.

Modern Insertions

6.6.2.4.

Infrastructure Upgrading

6.6.3.

Notable Projects

6.6.3.1.

Tate Modern

6.6.3.1.1.

Power Station Conversion

6.6.3.1.2.

6.6.3.2.

6.6.3.2.1.

6.6.3.2.2.

6.6.3.3.

6.6.3.3.1.

6.6.3.3.2.

Reconstruction Philosophy

6.6.4.

Balancing Old and New

6.6.4.1.

6.6.4.2.

6.6.4.3.

6.6.4.4.

6.7.

Globalization and Cultural Exchange

6.7.1.

International Practice

6.7.1.1.

Global Architecture Firms

6.7.1.2.

Cross-Cultural Projects

6.7.1.3.

Technology Transfer

6.7.1.4.

Design Standardization

6.7.2.

Cultural Hybridization

6.7.2.1.

Local-Global Synthesis

6.7.2.2.

Vernacular Modernization

6.7.2.3.

6.7.2.4.

6.7.3.

6.7.3.1.

6.7.3.2.

Infrastructure Development

6.7.3.3.

Architectural Education

6.7.3.4.

Local Practice Development

6.8.

Material Innovation and Fabrication

6.8.1.

Smart Materials

6.8.1.1.

Shape-Memory Alloys

6.8.1.2.

Phase-Change Materials

6.8.1.3.

Self-Healing Concrete

6.8.1.4.

Responsive Facades

6.8.2.

Advanced Manufacturing

6.8.2.1.

3D Printing Applications

6.8.2.2.

Robotic Assembly

6.8.2.3.

Prefabrication Evolution

6.8.2.4.

Mass Customization

6.8.3.

Nanotechnology Applications

6.8.3.1.

Self-Cleaning Surfaces

6.8.3.2.

Enhanced Insulation

6.8.3.3.

Structural Enhancement

6.8.3.4.

Environmental Remediation

6.8.4.

Biomaterials

6.8.4.1.

Mycelium-Based Materials

6.8.4.2.

Bacterial Concrete

6.8.4.3.

Grown Architecture

6.8.4.4.

Living Building Materials

5. Postmodernism and Pluralistic Movements (1960s-1990s)

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1. Foundations of Modern Architecture