International Marketing

  1. International Pricing Strategies
    1. Pricing Objectives in International Markets
      1. Profit Maximization
        1. Market Share Goals
          1. Competitive Positioning
            1. Market Entry Support
              1. Cash Flow Generation
                1. Survival Objectives
                2. Factors Influencing International Pricing
                  1. Cost Factors
                    1. Manufacturing Costs
                      1. Research and Development Costs
                        1. Marketing Costs
                          1. Distribution Costs
                            1. Logistics Costs
                              1. Tariffs and Duties
                                1. Insurance and Financing
                                2. Market Factors
                                  1. Customer Demand
                                    1. Price Sensitivity
                                      1. Value Perception
                                        1. Market Size
                                          1. Market Growth
                                          2. Competitive Factors
                                            1. Competitor Pricing
                                              1. Competitive Intensity
                                                1. Market Position
                                                2. Environmental Factors
                                                  1. Economic Conditions
                                                    1. Government Regulations
                                                      1. Currency Exchange Rates
                                                        1. Inflation Rates
                                                      2. International Pricing Strategies
                                                        1. Cost-Based Pricing
                                                          1. Full Cost Pricing
                                                            1. Marginal Cost Pricing
                                                              1. Target Return Pricing
                                                              2. Market-Based Pricing
                                                                1. Competitive Pricing
                                                                  1. Value-Based Pricing
                                                                    1. Psychological Pricing
                                                                    2. Skimming Pricing
                                                                      1. Premium Pricing Strategy
                                                                        1. Conditions for Success
                                                                        2. Penetration Pricing
                                                                          1. Low Price Strategy
                                                                            1. Market Share Building
                                                                          2. Global Pricing Policies
                                                                            1. Ethnocentric Pricing
                                                                              1. Standardized Pricing
                                                                                1. Home Country Orientation
                                                                                2. Polycentric Pricing
                                                                                  1. Local Market Adaptation
                                                                                    1. Subsidiary Autonomy
                                                                                    2. Geocentric Pricing
                                                                                      1. Global Coordination
                                                                                        1. Regional Optimization
                                                                                      2. Specific International Pricing Issues
                                                                                        1. Transfer Pricing
                                                                                          1. Intra-Company Transactions
                                                                                            1. Tax Optimization
                                                                                              1. Performance Evaluation
                                                                                                1. Regulatory Compliance
                                                                                                2. Parallel Imports
                                                                                                  1. Gray Market Causes
                                                                                                    1. Gray Market Effects
                                                                                                      1. Prevention Strategies
                                                                                                      2. Dumping
                                                                                                        1. Definition and Types
                                                                                                          1. Anti-Dumping Measures
                                                                                                          2. Countertrade
                                                                                                            1. Barter Arrangements
                                                                                                              1. Counter-Purchase
                                                                                                                1. Offset Agreements
                                                                                                                  1. Switch Trading
                                                                                                                  2. Currency Considerations
                                                                                                                    1. Exchange Rate Fluctuations
                                                                                                                      1. Currency Risk Management
                                                                                                                        1. Hedging Strategies
                                                                                                                          1. Pricing in Multiple Currencies

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                                                                                                                      5. Developing Global Products and Brands

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                                                                                                                      7. Global Distribution and Logistics