Instrumental Chemistry

  1. Separation Science and Chromatography
    1. General Principles of Chromatography
      1. Fundamental Concepts
        1. Mobile Phase Properties
          1. Stationary Phase Properties
            1. Partitioning Equilibria
              1. Adsorption Mechanisms
              2. Types of Chromatography
                1. Partition Chromatography
                  1. Liquid-Liquid Partitioning
                    1. Bonded Phase Systems
                    2. Adsorption Chromatography
                      1. Surface Interactions
                        1. Polar Stationary Phases
                        2. Ion-Exchange Chromatography
                          1. Cation Exchange
                            1. Anion Exchange
                              1. Ion Pairing
                              2. Size-Exclusion Chromatography
                                1. Molecular Sieving
                                  1. Pore Size Distribution
                                    1. Calibration Methods
                                  2. Chromatographic Parameters
                                    1. Retention Time
                                      1. Dead Time
                                        1. Adjusted Retention Time
                                          1. Relative Retention
                                          2. Retention Factor
                                            1. Calculation and Significance
                                              1. Optimization Strategies
                                              2. Selectivity Factor
                                                1. Definition and Calculation
                                                  1. Method Development
                                                  2. Resolution
                                                    1. Definition and Calculation
                                                      1. Factors Affecting Resolution
                                                      2. Theoretical Plates
                                                        1. Plate Height Concept
                                                          1. Efficiency Calculations
                                                          2. Plate Theory
                                                            1. Assumptions and Limitations
                                                            2. Rate Theory
                                                              1. Van Deemter Equation
                                                                1. Band Broadening Mechanisms
                                                                  1. Optimization Strategies
                                                              2. Gas Chromatography
                                                                1. Principles of GC
                                                                  1. Volatility Requirements
                                                                    1. Partition Coefficients
                                                                      1. Temperature Effects
                                                                      2. Instrumentation
                                                                        1. Carrier Gas Systems
                                                                          1. Gas Selection Criteria
                                                                            1. Purity Requirements
                                                                              1. Flow Control Systems
                                                                                1. Pressure Regulation
                                                                                2. Sample Injection Systems
                                                                                  1. Split Injection
                                                                                    1. Splitless Injection
                                                                                      1. On-column Injection
                                                                                        1. Headspace Injection
                                                                                          1. Solid Phase Microextraction
                                                                                          2. Column Technology
                                                                                            1. Packed Columns
                                                                                              1. Support Materials
                                                                                                1. Stationary Phase Loading
                                                                                                  1. Column Preparation
                                                                                                  2. Capillary Columns
                                                                                                    1. Fused Silica Columns
                                                                                                      1. Stationary Phase Coating
                                                                                                        1. Column Dimensions
                                                                                                        2. Column Selection Criteria
                                                                                                        3. Temperature Control
                                                                                                          1. Isothermal Operation
                                                                                                            1. Temperature Programming
                                                                                                              1. Heating Rates
                                                                                                                1. Cool-down Times
                                                                                                                2. Detection Systems
                                                                                                                  1. Flame Ionization Detector
                                                                                                                    1. Operating Principles
                                                                                                                      1. Gas Requirements
                                                                                                                        1. Response Characteristics
                                                                                                                        2. Thermal Conductivity Detector
                                                                                                                          1. Operating Principles
                                                                                                                            1. Reference Gas
                                                                                                                              1. Temperature Control
                                                                                                                              2. Electron Capture Detector
                                                                                                                                1. Operating Principles
                                                                                                                                  1. Radioactive Sources
                                                                                                                                    1. Selectivity
                                                                                                                                    2. Nitrogen-Phosphorus Detector
                                                                                                                                      1. Operating Principles
                                                                                                                                        1. Selectivity
                                                                                                                                        2. Mass Spectrometric Detection
                                                                                                                                          1. Interface Design
                                                                                                                                            1. Scan Modes
                                                                                                                                              1. Library Searching
                                                                                                                                          2. Method Development
                                                                                                                                            1. Column Selection
                                                                                                                                              1. Temperature Optimization
                                                                                                                                                1. Flow Rate Optimization
                                                                                                                                                  1. Sample Preparation
                                                                                                                                                  2. Applications
                                                                                                                                                    1. Environmental Analysis
                                                                                                                                                      1. Petroleum Analysis
                                                                                                                                                        1. Food Analysis
                                                                                                                                                          1. Pharmaceutical Analysis
                                                                                                                                                        2. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                          1. Principles of HPLC
                                                                                                                                                            1. Liquid Mobile Phases
                                                                                                                                                              1. High Pressure Operation
                                                                                                                                                                1. Particle Size Effects
                                                                                                                                                                2. Instrumentation
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Solvent Delivery Systems
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Pump Types
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Reciprocating Pumps
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Syringe Pumps
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Pneumatic Pumps
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Gradient Formation
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Low-pressure Mixing
                                                                                                                                                                              1. High-pressure Mixing
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Flow Rate Control
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Pressure Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Sample Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Manual Injection Valves
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Autosampler Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Injection Volume Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Sample Loops
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Column Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Packing Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Silica-based Phases
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Polymer-based Phases
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Hybrid Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Particle Size and Shape
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Column Dimensions
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Guard Columns
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Detection Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. UV-Visible Absorbance
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Fixed Wavelength
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Variable Wavelength
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Diode Array Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Fluorescence Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Excitation Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Wavelength Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Sensitivity Advantages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Refractive Index Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Operating Principles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Temperature Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Universal Response
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Electrochemical Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Amperometric Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Coulometric Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Working Electrodes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Mass Spectrometric Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Interface Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Ionization Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Scan Modes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Separation Modes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Normal-Phase Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Polar Stationary Phases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Non-polar Mobile Phases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Reversed-Phase Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Non-polar Stationary Phases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Polar Mobile Phases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. C18 and C8 Phases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Ion-Exchange Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Strong and Weak Exchangers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. pH Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Salt Gradients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Size-Exclusion Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Pore Size Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Molecular Weight Separation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Aqueous and Organic SEC
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Method Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Mobile Phase Optimization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. pH Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Buffer Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Organic Modifier Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Pharmaceutical Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Biochemical Separations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Environmental Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Food and Beverage Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Other Separation Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Supercritical Fluid Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Principles of SFC
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Supercritical Fluid Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Density Programming
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Instrumentation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Pump Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Pressure Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Detection Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Chiral Separations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Natural Product Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Capillary Electrophoresis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Principles of Electrophoresis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Electroosmotic Flow
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Electrophoretic Mobility
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Zone Electrophoresis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Instrumentation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. High Voltage Power Supply
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Capillary Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Injection Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Detection Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. UV Absorbance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Fluorescence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Mass Spectrometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Separation Modes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Capillary Zone Electrophoresis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Capillary Gel Electrophoresis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Thin Layer Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Principles and Theory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Stationary Phases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Mobile Phase Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Detection Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Ion Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Principles of Ion Separation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Suppressor Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Conductivity Detection

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      4. Mass Spectrometry

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      6. Hyphenated Techniques