Instrumental Chemistry

  1. Mass Spectrometry
    1. Principles of Mass Spectrometry
      1. Mass-to-Charge Ratio
        1. Definition and Significance
          1. Mass Scale Calibration
            1. Resolution Requirements
            2. Isotopic Abundance
              1. Natural Isotope Patterns
                1. Isotope Ratio Calculations
                  1. Applications in Identification
                  2. Ion Formation and Detection
                    1. Ion Production Mechanisms
                      1. Ion Transmission
                        1. Detection Efficiency
                      2. Instrumentation
                        1. Sample Inlet Systems
                          1. Direct Insertion Probes
                            1. Temperature Programming
                              1. Vacuum Requirements
                              2. Gas Chromatography Coupling
                                1. Interface Design
                                  1. Carrier Gas Considerations
                                  2. Liquid Chromatography Coupling
                                    1. Interface Challenges
                                      1. Flow Rate Compatibility
                                      2. Membrane Introduction
                                        1. Selective Permeation
                                      3. Ionization Sources
                                        1. Electron Impact
                                          1. Operating Principles
                                            1. Fragmentation Patterns
                                              1. Energy Considerations
                                              2. Chemical Ionization
                                                1. Reagent Gas Selection
                                                  1. Soft Ionization
                                                    1. Adduct Formation
                                                    2. Electrospray Ionization
                                                      1. Droplet Formation
                                                        1. Ion Evaporation
                                                          1. Multiple Charging
                                                          2. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization
                                                            1. Matrix Selection
                                                              1. Sample Preparation
                                                                1. Laser Parameters
                                                                2. Fast Atom Bombardment
                                                                  1. Liquid Matrix
                                                                    1. Atom Gun Design
                                                                    2. Atmospheric Pressure Ionization
                                                                      1. APCI Mechanisms
                                                                        1. APPI Mechanisms
                                                                      2. Mass Analyzers
                                                                        1. Quadrupole Analyzers
                                                                          1. Operating Principles
                                                                            1. RF and DC Voltages
                                                                              1. Mass Range and Resolution
                                                                              2. Time-of-Flight Analyzers
                                                                                1. Linear TOF
                                                                                  1. Reflectron TOF
                                                                                    1. Orthogonal Acceleration
                                                                                    2. Magnetic Sector Analyzers
                                                                                      1. Single-focusing Systems
                                                                                        1. Double-focusing Systems
                                                                                          1. High Resolution Capabilities
                                                                                          2. Ion Trap Analyzers
                                                                                            1. Quadrupole Ion Traps
                                                                                              1. Linear Ion Traps
                                                                                                1. Trapping and Ejection
                                                                                                2. Fourier Transform Analyzers
                                                                                                  1. ICR Principles
                                                                                                    1. Superconducting Magnets
                                                                                                      1. Ultra-high Resolution
                                                                                                      2. Orbitrap Analyzers
                                                                                                        1. Electrostatic Trapping
                                                                                                          1. Image Current Detection
                                                                                                            1. High Resolution and Accuracy
                                                                                                          2. Detection Systems
                                                                                                            1. Electron Multiplier
                                                                                                              1. Discrete Dynode Design
                                                                                                                1. Continuous Dynode Design
                                                                                                                  1. Gain Characteristics
                                                                                                                  2. Faraday Cup
                                                                                                                    1. Current Measurement
                                                                                                                      1. Linearity
                                                                                                                      2. Microchannel Plate
                                                                                                                        1. Channel Structure
                                                                                                                          1. Time Response
                                                                                                                            1. Spatial Resolution
                                                                                                                          2. Vacuum Systems
                                                                                                                            1. Pumping Requirements
                                                                                                                              1. Pressure Measurement
                                                                                                                                1. Leak Detection
                                                                                                                              2. Interpretation of Mass Spectra
                                                                                                                                1. Molecular Ion Peak
                                                                                                                                  1. Identification Criteria
                                                                                                                                    1. Stability Factors
                                                                                                                                      1. Isotope Patterns
                                                                                                                                      2. Base Peak
                                                                                                                                        1. Definition and Significance
                                                                                                                                          1. Relative Abundance
                                                                                                                                          2. Fragmentation Patterns
                                                                                                                                            1. Common Fragmentation Rules
                                                                                                                                              1. Rearrangement Reactions
                                                                                                                                                1. Metastable Ions
                                                                                                                                                2. Isotope Patterns
                                                                                                                                                  1. Calculation Methods
                                                                                                                                                    1. Element Identification
                                                                                                                                                      1. Molecular Formula Determination
                                                                                                                                                      2. Adduct Formation
                                                                                                                                                        1. Common Adducts
                                                                                                                                                          1. Solvent Adducts
                                                                                                                                                            1. Metal Adducts
                                                                                                                                                          2. High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry
                                                                                                                                                            1. Resolving Power
                                                                                                                                                              1. Definition and Calculation
                                                                                                                                                                1. Factors Affecting Resolution
                                                                                                                                                                2. Accurate Mass Measurement
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Mass Accuracy Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Internal Standards
                                                                                                                                                                      1. External Calibration
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Applications
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Molecular Formula Determination
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Structural Elucidation
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Metabolomics Studies

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                                                                                                                                                                        3. Spectroscopic Methods

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                                                                                                                                                                        5. Separation Science and Chromatography