Instrumental Chemistry

  1. Basic Concepts and Performance Characteristics
    1. Signals and Noise
      1. Definition of Analytical Signal
        1. Signal Types
          1. Signal Characteristics
            1. Signal Processing Requirements
            2. Types of Noise
              1. Chemical Noise
                1. Sample Matrix Effects
                  1. Reagent Impurities
                    1. Contamination Sources
                    2. Instrumental Noise
                      1. Thermal Noise
                        1. Shot Noise
                          1. Flicker Noise
                            1. Environmental Noise
                              1. Quantization Noise
                            2. Signal-to-Noise Ratio
                              1. Importance in Analytical Measurements
                                1. Calculation Methods
                                  1. Factors Affecting S/N Ratio
                                  2. Methods for S/N Enhancement
                                    1. Hardware Methods
                                      1. Proper Grounding Techniques
                                        1. Electromagnetic Shielding
                                          1. Low-Noise Component Selection
                                            1. Temperature Stabilization
                                            2. Software Methods
                                              1. Signal Averaging
                                                1. Digital Filtering
                                                  1. Smoothing Algorithms
                                                    1. Background Subtraction
                                                2. Calibration Methods
                                                  1. Purpose and Principles of Calibration
                                                    1. Establishing Analytical Response
                                                      1. Compensation for Matrix Effects
                                                        1. Quality Assurance Requirements
                                                        2. External Standard Calibration
                                                          1. Preparation of Standard Solutions
                                                            1. Construction of Calibration Curves
                                                              1. Linear Calibration Models
                                                                1. Nonlinear Calibration Models
                                                                  1. Weighted Regression Analysis
                                                                  2. Standard Addition Method
                                                                    1. Principles and Theory
                                                                      1. Matrix Effects Compensation
                                                                        1. Procedure and Calculations
                                                                          1. Limitations and Applications
                                                                          2. Internal Standard Method
                                                                            1. Selection Criteria for Internal Standards
                                                                              1. Ratio Calculations
                                                                                1. Advantages and Limitations
                                                                                  1. Applications in Different Techniques
                                                                                2. Figures of Merit
                                                                                  1. Precision
                                                                                    1. Repeatability
                                                                                      1. Within-run Precision
                                                                                        1. Short-term Precision
                                                                                        2. Reproducibility
                                                                                          1. Between-run Precision
                                                                                            1. Long-term Precision
                                                                                              1. Inter-laboratory Precision
                                                                                            2. Accuracy and Bias
                                                                                              1. Systematic Errors
                                                                                                1. Instrumental Bias
                                                                                                  1. Method Bias
                                                                                                    1. Calibration Errors
                                                                                                    2. Random Errors
                                                                                                      1. Statistical Nature
                                                                                                        1. Sources and Control
                                                                                                      2. Sensitivity
                                                                                                        1. Analytical Sensitivity
                                                                                                          1. Slope of Calibration Curve
                                                                                                            1. Factors Affecting Sensitivity
                                                                                                            2. Detection Limit
                                                                                                              1. Definition and Significance
                                                                                                                1. Calculation Methods
                                                                                                                  1. Signal-based Approach
                                                                                                                    1. Blank-based Approach
                                                                                                                    2. Quantitation Limit
                                                                                                                      1. Definition and Calculation
                                                                                                                        1. Relationship to Detection Limit
                                                                                                                          1. Practical Considerations
                                                                                                                          2. Dynamic Range
                                                                                                                            1. Linear Dynamic Range
                                                                                                                              1. Upper Limit of Detection
                                                                                                                                1. Lower Limit of Detection
                                                                                                                                  1. Working Range
                                                                                                                                  2. Selectivity and Specificity
                                                                                                                                    1. Interference Studies
                                                                                                                                      1. Matrix Effects Assessment
                                                                                                                                        1. Selectivity Coefficients

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                                                                                                                                    1. Introduction to Instrumental Analysis

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                                                                                                                                    3. Spectroscopic Methods