Human Ecology

  1. Human-Environment Interaction Domains
    1. Food Systems and Nutrition
      1. Food Production Systems
        1. Agricultural Systems
          1. Crop Production
            1. Livestock Production
              1. Aquaculture
                1. Agroecology
                2. Food Processing
                  1. Traditional Processing
                    1. Industrial Processing
                      1. Value Addition
                        1. Quality Control
                        2. Food Distribution
                          1. Local Food Systems
                            1. Regional Distribution
                              1. Global Food Trade
                                1. Supply Chain Management
                              2. Nutrition and Health
                                1. Dietary Patterns
                                  1. Traditional Diets
                                    1. Modern Diets
                                      1. Nutritional Transitions
                                        1. Cultural Preferences
                                        2. Nutritional Status
                                          1. Malnutrition
                                            1. Undernutrition
                                              1. Overnutrition
                                                1. Micronutrient Deficiencies
                                              2. Food Security
                                                1. Food Availability
                                                  1. Production Levels
                                                    1. Import Capacity
                                                      1. Storage Systems
                                                        1. Distribution Networks
                                                        2. Food Access
                                                          1. Economic Access
                                                            1. Physical Access
                                                              1. Social Access
                                                                1. Cultural Acceptability
                                                                2. Food Utilization
                                                                  1. Nutritional Quality
                                                                    1. Food Safety
                                                                      1. Preparation Methods
                                                                        1. Absorption Factors
                                                                        2. Food Stability
                                                                          1. Seasonal Variations
                                                                            1. Climate Impacts
                                                                              1. Market Fluctuations
                                                                                1. Political Stability
                                                                              2. Environmental Health
                                                                                1. Disease Ecology
                                                                                  1. Vector-Borne Diseases
                                                                                    1. Malaria
                                                                                      1. Dengue Fever
                                                                                        1. Zika Virus
                                                                                          1. Lyme Disease
                                                                                          2. Waterborne Diseases
                                                                                            1. Cholera
                                                                                              1. Typhoid
                                                                                                1. Hepatitis A
                                                                                                  1. Diarrheal Diseases
                                                                                                  2. Foodborne Diseases
                                                                                                    1. Bacterial Infections
                                                                                                      1. Viral Infections
                                                                                                        1. Parasitic Infections
                                                                                                          1. Chemical Contamination
                                                                                                          2. Airborne Diseases
                                                                                                            1. Respiratory Infections
                                                                                                              1. Tuberculosis
                                                                                                                1. Influenza
                                                                                                                  1. COVID-19
                                                                                                                2. Environmental Risk Factors
                                                                                                                  1. Air Quality
                                                                                                                    1. Water Quality
                                                                                                                      1. Soil Contamination
                                                                                                                        1. Chemical Exposures
                                                                                                                        2. Health Disparities
                                                                                                                          1. Socioeconomic Factors
                                                                                                                            1. Geographic Factors
                                                                                                                              1. Racial and Ethnic Factors
                                                                                                                                1. Gender Factors
                                                                                                                            2. Urban Ecology
                                                                                                                              1. Urban Ecosystem Structure
                                                                                                                                1. Urban Biodiversity
                                                                                                                                  1. Native Species
                                                                                                                                    1. Introduced Species
                                                                                                                                      1. Urban Adapters
                                                                                                                                        1. Habitat Specialists
                                                                                                                                        2. Urban Habitats
                                                                                                                                          1. Green Spaces
                                                                                                                                            1. Brownfields
                                                                                                                                              1. Vacant Lots
                                                                                                                                                1. Rooftops
                                                                                                                                                2. Human-Wildlife Interactions
                                                                                                                                                  1. Wildlife Management
                                                                                                                                                    1. Conflict Resolution
                                                                                                                                                      1. Conservation Strategies
                                                                                                                                                        1. Public Education
                                                                                                                                                      2. Urban Metabolism
                                                                                                                                                        1. Material Flows
                                                                                                                                                          1. Resource Inputs
                                                                                                                                                            1. Waste Outputs
                                                                                                                                                              1. Recycling Systems
                                                                                                                                                                1. Circular Economy
                                                                                                                                                                2. Energy Flows
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Energy Consumption
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Energy Production
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Energy Efficiency
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Renewable Energy
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Water Cycles
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Water Supply
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Water Demand
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Wastewater Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Stormwater Management
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Urban Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Urban Heat Island Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Temperature Differences
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Causes and Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Health Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Mitigation Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Air Quality
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Pollution Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Pollution Concentrations
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Health Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Control Measures
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Microclimate Variations
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Building Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Vegetation Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Surface Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Wind Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Urban Planning and Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Green Infrastructure
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Green Roofs
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Green Walls
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Urban Forests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Bioswales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Sustainable Transportation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Public Transit
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Cycling Infrastructure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Walking Networks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Electric Vehicles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Smart City Technologies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Sensor Networks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Data Analytics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Automated Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Citizen Engagement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Rural and Agricultural Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Rural Livelihoods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Agricultural Livelihoods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Crop Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Livestock Keeping
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Mixed Farming
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Specialized Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Non-Agricultural Livelihoods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Rural Services
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Small-Scale Manufacturing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Tourism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Natural Resource Extraction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Livelihood Diversification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Risk Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Income Smoothing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Seasonal Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Off-Farm Employment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Land Use Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Land Tenure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Ownership Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Use Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Access Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Transfer Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Land Use Planning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Zoning Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Land Use Conflicts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Participatory Planning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Sustainable Land Use
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Land Degradation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Soil Erosion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Soil Fertility Decline
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Salinization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Desertification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Agricultural Modernization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Technological Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Mechanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Biotechnology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Precision Agriculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Information Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Economic Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Market Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Value Chains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Credit Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Insurance Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Social Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Labor Relations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Gender Roles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Knowledge Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Social Organization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Environmental Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Biodiversity Loss
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Pollution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Resource Depletion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Ecosystem Disruption
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Common Pool Resource Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Theoretical Foundations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Tragedy of the Commons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Hardin's Model
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Assumptions and Limitations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Real-World Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Alternative Perspectives
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Collective Action Theory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Free Rider Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Social Dilemmas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cooperation Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Institutional Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Governance Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Common Property Regimes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Community Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. User Groups
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Traditional Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Modern Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. State Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Government Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Regulatory Frameworks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Public Agencies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Policy Implementation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Private Property
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Individual Ownership
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Market Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Property Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Incentive Structures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Co-Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Shared Governance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Multi-Stakeholder Approaches
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Adaptive Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Collaborative Institutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Resource Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Water Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Irrigation Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Watershed Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Groundwater Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. River Basin Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Forest Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Community Forestry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Forest User Groups
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Timber Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Non-Timber Products
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Fisheries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Fishing Communities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Marine Protected Areas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Fishing Quotas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Gear Restrictions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Grazing Lands
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Pastoral Communities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Range Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Grazing Associations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Mobility Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Success Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Design Principles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Clearly Defined Boundaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Congruence Rules
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Collective Choice Arrangements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Monitoring Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Social Capital
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Trust and Reciprocity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Social Networks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Leadership
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Conflict Resolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Institutional Arrangements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Rule Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Enforcement Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Graduated Sanctions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Nested Institutions

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  8. Contemporary Environmental Challenges