Human Ecology

  1. Human Environmental Modification
    1. Land Use Transformations
      1. Forest Modifications
        1. Deforestation Processes
          1. Clear-Cutting
            1. Selective Logging
              1. Slash-and-Burn Agriculture
                1. Urban Expansion
                2. Deforestation Drivers
                  1. Agricultural Expansion
                    1. Timber Harvesting
                      1. Infrastructure Development
                        1. Fuel Wood Collection
                        2. Reforestation Efforts
                          1. Natural Regeneration
                            1. Plantation Establishment
                              1. Agroforestry
                                1. Restoration Projects
                                2. Forest Management
                                  1. Sustainable Harvesting
                                    1. Conservation Areas
                                      1. Multiple-Use Forests
                                        1. Community Forestry
                                      2. Agricultural Development
                                        1. Traditional Farming Systems
                                          1. Shifting Cultivation
                                            1. Fallow Periods
                                              1. Crop Rotation
                                                1. Fire Management
                                                  1. Biodiversity Maintenance
                                                  2. Mixed Cropping Systems
                                                    1. Polyculture
                                                      1. Intercropping
                                                        1. Companion Planting
                                                          1. Crop Diversity
                                                          2. Terraced Agriculture
                                                            1. Slope Management
                                                              1. Soil Conservation
                                                                1. Water Control
                                                                  1. Landscape Modification
                                                                2. Industrial Agriculture
                                                                  1. Monoculture Systems
                                                                    1. Single Crop Production
                                                                      1. Mechanization
                                                                        1. Standardization
                                                                          1. Efficiency Optimization
                                                                          2. Chemical Inputs
                                                                            1. Synthetic Fertilizers
                                                                              1. Pesticides
                                                                                1. Herbicides
                                                                                  1. Growth Regulators
                                                                                  2. Genetic Modifications
                                                                                    1. Crop Breeding
                                                                                      1. Biotechnology
                                                                                        1. Genetically Modified Organisms
                                                                                          1. Hybrid Varieties
                                                                                        2. Pastoral Systems
                                                                                          1. Grazing Management
                                                                                            1. Rotational Grazing
                                                                                              1. Stocking Rates
                                                                                                1. Pasture Improvement
                                                                                                  1. Range Monitoring
                                                                                                  2. Livestock Production
                                                                                                    1. Animal Breeding
                                                                                                      1. Feed Systems
                                                                                                        1. Health Management
                                                                                                          1. Market Integration
                                                                                                      2. Urban Development
                                                                                                        1. Built Environment
                                                                                                          1. Residential Development
                                                                                                            1. Housing Types
                                                                                                              1. Density Patterns
                                                                                                                1. Neighborhood Design
                                                                                                                  1. Infrastructure Integration
                                                                                                                  2. Commercial Development
                                                                                                                    1. Business Districts
                                                                                                                      1. Shopping Centers
                                                                                                                        1. Office Buildings
                                                                                                                          1. Mixed-Use Development
                                                                                                                          2. Industrial Development
                                                                                                                            1. Manufacturing Zones
                                                                                                                              1. Warehousing
                                                                                                                                1. Processing Facilities
                                                                                                                                  1. Technology Parks
                                                                                                                                2. Transportation Infrastructure
                                                                                                                                  1. Road Networks
                                                                                                                                    1. Highway Systems
                                                                                                                                      1. Local Streets
                                                                                                                                        1. Traffic Management
                                                                                                                                          1. Maintenance Systems
                                                                                                                                          2. Public Transportation
                                                                                                                                            1. Bus Systems
                                                                                                                                              1. Rail Networks
                                                                                                                                                1. Subway Systems
                                                                                                                                                  1. Integrated Planning
                                                                                                                                                  2. Ports and Airports
                                                                                                                                                    1. Cargo Facilities
                                                                                                                                                      1. Passenger Terminals
                                                                                                                                                        1. Intermodal Connections
                                                                                                                                                          1. Regional Integration
                                                                                                                                                        2. Green Infrastructure
                                                                                                                                                          1. Parks and Recreation
                                                                                                                                                            1. Urban Parks
                                                                                                                                                              1. Recreation Facilities
                                                                                                                                                                1. Greenways
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Open Space Planning
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Urban Agriculture
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Community Gardens
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Rooftop Farming
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Vertical Farming
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Food Security
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Resource Extraction and Management
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Water Resource Management
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Surface Water Development
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Dam Construction
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Hydroelectric Dams
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Flood Control Dams
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Water Storage Dams
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Multi-Purpose Dams
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Reservoir Management
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Water Allocation
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Flood Control
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Recreation
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Ecosystem Services
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. River Modifications
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Channelization
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Diversions
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Flow Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Restoration
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Groundwater Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Well Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Aquifer Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Groundwater Mining
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Recharge Enhancement
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Irrigation Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Surface Irrigation
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Sprinkler Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Drip Irrigation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Water Use Efficiency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Water Conservation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Demand Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Recycling Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Rainwater Harvesting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Greywater Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Mineral and Energy Extraction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Mining Operations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Surface Mining
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Strip Mining
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Open Pit Mining
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Mountaintop Removal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Quarrying
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Underground Mining
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Shaft Mining
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Tunnel Mining
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Room and Pillar
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Longwall Mining
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Processing Operations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Ore Concentration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Smelting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Refining
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Waste Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Fossil Fuel Extraction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Oil Extraction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Conventional Wells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Offshore Drilling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Enhanced Recovery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Unconventional Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Natural Gas Extraction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Conventional Wells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Hydraulic Fracturing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Shale Gas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Coalbed Methane
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Coal Mining
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Surface Mining
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Underground Mining
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Processing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Transportation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Biological Resource Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Fisheries Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Marine Fisheries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Commercial Fishing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Fishing Quotas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Gear Restrictions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Marine Protected Areas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Freshwater Fisheries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Lake Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. River Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Recreational Fishing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Habitat Restoration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Aquaculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Fish Farming
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Shellfish Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Integrated Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Sustainable Practices
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Forest Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Timber Harvesting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Clearcutting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Selective Cutting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Shelterwood Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Sustainable Yields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Non-Timber Products
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Medicinal Plants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Food Products
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Craft Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Ecosystem Services
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Forest Certification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Sustainable Standards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Chain of Custody
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Market Incentives
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Community Benefits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Environmental Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Pollution Generation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Air Pollution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Point Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Industrial Emissions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Power Plants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Manufacturing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Waste Incineration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Non-Point Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Vehicle Emissions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Agricultural Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Residential Heating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Natural Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Pollutant Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Particulate Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Gaseous Pollutants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Toxic Substances
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Greenhouse Gases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Water Pollution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Point Source Pollution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Industrial Discharge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Municipal Wastewater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Landfill Leachate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Non-Point Source Pollution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Agricultural Runoff
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Urban Stormwater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Atmospheric Deposition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Groundwater Contamination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Pollutant Categories
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Nutrients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Toxic Chemicals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Pathogens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Sediments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Soil Contamination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Industrial Contamination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Agricultural Chemicals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Waste Disposal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Atmospheric Deposition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Ecosystem Disruption
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Habitat Fragmentation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Landscape Fragmentation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Edge Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Corridor Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Connectivity Loss
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Species Introductions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Intentional Introductions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Accidental Introductions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Invasion Pathways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Ecological Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Biogeochemical Alterations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Nutrient Loading
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Eutrophication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Acidification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Salinization

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  6. Socio-Cultural Systems and Environment