Human Ecology

  1. Human Population Dynamics
    1. Population Processes
      1. Fertility Patterns
        1. Biological Determinants
          1. Fecundity
            1. Reproductive Health
              1. Age at Menarche and Menopause
              2. Social Determinants
                1. Marriage Patterns
                  1. Family Planning
                    1. Cultural Norms
                      1. Economic Factors
                      2. Fertility Rates and Measures
                        1. Crude Birth Rate
                          1. Total Fertility Rate
                            1. Age-Specific Fertility Rates
                              1. Replacement Level Fertility
                            2. Mortality Patterns
                              1. Life Expectancy
                                1. Gender Differences
                                  1. Regional Variations
                                  2. Causes of Death
                                    1. Infectious Diseases
                                      1. Chronic Diseases
                                        1. Environmental Health Factors
                                        2. Morbidity Patterns
                                          1. Disease Burden
                                            1. Epidemiological Transitions
                                          2. Migration Dynamics
                                            1. Types of Migration
                                              1. Internal Migration
                                                1. International Migration
                                                  1. Voluntary Migration
                                                    1. Forced Migration
                                                    2. Migration Factors
                                                      1. Push Factors
                                                        1. Pull Factors
                                                          1. Intervening Obstacles
                                                          2. Migration Consequences
                                                            1. Origin Area Impacts
                                                              1. Destination Area Impacts
                                                                1. Migrant Adaptation
                                                                2. Refugees and Displacement
                                                                  1. Environmental Refugees
                                                                    1. Conflict-Induced Displacement
                                                                      1. Development-Induced Displacement
                                                                  2. Population Growth Models
                                                                    1. Mathematical Models
                                                                      1. Exponential Growth Model
                                                                        1. Mathematical Basis
                                                                          1. Assumptions
                                                                            1. Real-World Applications
                                                                              1. Limitations
                                                                              2. Logistic Growth Model
                                                                                1. S-Shaped Curves
                                                                                  1. Carrying Capacity Concepts
                                                                                    1. Environmental Resistance
                                                                                      1. Applications to Human Populations
                                                                                    2. Demographic Transition Theory
                                                                                      1. Pre-Transition Stage
                                                                                        1. Early Transition Stage
                                                                                          1. Late Transition Stage
                                                                                            1. Post-Transition Stage
                                                                                              1. Social and Economic Drivers
                                                                                                1. Critiques and Variations
                                                                                                  1. Development Implications
                                                                                                2. Population Structure and Distribution
                                                                                                  1. Age and Sex Structure
                                                                                                    1. Population Pyramids
                                                                                                      1. Expansive Pyramids
                                                                                                        1. Constrictive Pyramids
                                                                                                          1. Stationary Pyramids
                                                                                                          2. Dependency Ratios
                                                                                                            1. Youth Dependency
                                                                                                              1. Old-Age Dependency
                                                                                                                1. Total Dependency
                                                                                                                2. Policy and Planning Implications
                                                                                                                  1. Education Planning
                                                                                                                    1. Healthcare Planning
                                                                                                                      1. Social Security Systems
                                                                                                                    2. Spatial Distribution
                                                                                                                      1. Population Density Patterns
                                                                                                                        1. Arithmetic Density
                                                                                                                          1. Physiological Density
                                                                                                                            1. Agricultural Density
                                                                                                                            2. Settlement Patterns
                                                                                                                              1. Urban Settlements
                                                                                                                                1. Rural Settlements
                                                                                                                                  1. Nomadic Populations
                                                                                                                                  2. Urbanization Processes
                                                                                                                                    1. Urban Growth Rates
                                                                                                                                      1. Megacities
                                                                                                                                        1. Urban Hierarchies
                                                                                                                                          1. Counter-Urbanization

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                                                                                                                                    1. Foundations of Human Ecology

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                                                                                                                                    3. Ecological Systems and Environmental Processes