Human Ecology

  1. Ecological Systems and Environmental Processes
    1. Fundamental Ecological Principles
      1. Ecosystem Organization
        1. Biotic Components
          1. Producers
            1. Primary Consumers
              1. Secondary Consumers
                1. Decomposers
                2. Abiotic Components
                  1. Climate Factors
                    1. Soil Characteristics
                      1. Water Resources
                        1. Topography
                        2. Ecological Niches
                          1. Fundamental Niches
                            1. Realized Niches
                              1. Niche Overlap
                                1. Competitive Exclusion
                              2. Community Structure
                                1. Species Diversity
                                  1. Species Richness
                                    1. Species Evenness
                                      1. Diversity Indices
                                      2. Community Interactions
                                        1. Competition
                                          1. Predation
                                            1. Mutualism
                                              1. Commensalism
                                              2. Succession Processes
                                                1. Primary Succession
                                                  1. Secondary Succession
                                                    1. Climax Communities
                                                  2. Energy and Matter Flow
                                                    1. Energy Flow Patterns
                                                      1. Primary Productivity
                                                        1. Secondary Productivity
                                                          1. Energy Transfer Efficiency
                                                            1. Energy Pyramids
                                                            2. Food Web Dynamics
                                                              1. Food Chains
                                                                1. Trophic Levels
                                                                  1. Keystone Species
                                                                    1. Food Web Stability
                                                                2. Biogeochemical Cycles
                                                                  1. Carbon Cycle
                                                                    1. Carbon Reservoirs
                                                                      1. Atmospheric Carbon
                                                                        1. Oceanic Carbon
                                                                          1. Terrestrial Carbon
                                                                            1. Geological Carbon
                                                                            2. Carbon Fluxes
                                                                              1. Photosynthesis
                                                                                1. Respiration
                                                                                  1. Decomposition
                                                                                    1. Ocean-Atmosphere Exchange
                                                                                    2. Human Impacts
                                                                                      1. Fossil Fuel Combustion
                                                                                        1. Deforestation
                                                                                          1. Land Use Changes
                                                                                            1. Industrial Processes
                                                                                          2. Nitrogen Cycle
                                                                                            1. Nitrogen Transformations
                                                                                              1. Nitrogen Fixation
                                                                                                1. Nitrification
                                                                                                  1. Denitrification
                                                                                                    1. Ammonification
                                                                                                    2. Nitrogen Reservoirs
                                                                                                      1. Atmospheric Nitrogen
                                                                                                        1. Soil Nitrogen
                                                                                                          1. Biomass Nitrogen
                                                                                                          2. Human Alterations
                                                                                                            1. Fertilizer Production
                                                                                                              1. Agricultural Applications
                                                                                                                1. Fossil Fuel Combustion
                                                                                                                  1. Wastewater Discharge
                                                                                                                2. Phosphorus Cycle
                                                                                                                  1. Phosphorus Sources
                                                                                                                    1. Rock Weathering
                                                                                                                      1. Marine Sediments
                                                                                                                        1. Biological Uptake
                                                                                                                        2. Phosphorus Sinks
                                                                                                                          1. Soil Adsorption
                                                                                                                            1. Sediment Burial
                                                                                                                              1. Ocean Deposition
                                                                                                                              2. Human Impacts
                                                                                                                                1. Mining Activities
                                                                                                                                  1. Agricultural Runoff
                                                                                                                                    1. Detergent Use
                                                                                                                                      1. Eutrophication
                                                                                                                                    2. Hydrologic Cycle
                                                                                                                                      1. Water Cycle Processes
                                                                                                                                        1. Evaporation
                                                                                                                                          1. Transpiration
                                                                                                                                            1. Condensation
                                                                                                                                              1. Precipitation
                                                                                                                                                1. Infiltration
                                                                                                                                                  1. Runoff
                                                                                                                                                  2. Water Reservoirs
                                                                                                                                                    1. Oceans
                                                                                                                                                      1. Freshwater Bodies
                                                                                                                                                        1. Groundwater
                                                                                                                                                          1. Atmospheric Water
                                                                                                                                                            1. Ice and Snow
                                                                                                                                                            2. Human Modifications
                                                                                                                                                              1. Dam Construction
                                                                                                                                                                1. Irrigation Systems
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Urban Development
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Climate Change Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                2. Biomes and Ecosystems
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Terrestrial Biomes
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Forest Biomes
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Tropical Rainforests
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Temperate Deciduous Forests
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Boreal Forests
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Temperate Rainforests
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Grassland Biomes
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Tropical Savannas
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Temperate Grasslands
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Mediterranean Shrublands
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Desert Biomes
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Hot Deserts
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cold Deserts
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Semi-Arid Regions
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Tundra Biomes
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Arctic Tundra
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Alpine Tundra
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Aquatic Ecosystems
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Freshwater Ecosystems
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Rivers and Streams
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Lakes and Ponds
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Wetlands
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Marine Ecosystems
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Coastal Zones
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Open Ocean
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Deep Sea
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Coral Reefs
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Estuarine Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Salt Marshes
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Mangrove Forests
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Human-Dominated Ecosystems
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Urban Ecosystems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Built Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Urban Biodiversity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Green Infrastructure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Agricultural Landscapes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Croplands
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Pastures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Agroforestry Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Managed Forests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Plantation Forests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Selective Harvesting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Forest Restoration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Environmental Limiting Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Resource Limitations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Renewable Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Water Availability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Soil Fertility
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Biomass Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Non-Renewable Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Mineral Deposits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Fossil Fuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Land Area
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Resource Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Spatial Heterogeneity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Temporal Variability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Access Constraints
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Environmental Constraints
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Climate Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Temperature Extremes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Precipitation Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Seasonal Variations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Topographic Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Elevation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Slope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Aspect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Soil Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Soil Depth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Nutrient Content
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. pH Levels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Carrying Capacity Concepts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Determinants of Carrying Capacity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Resource Availability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Environmental Quality
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Technology Levels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Carrying Capacity Variability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Temporal Fluctuations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Spatial Variations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Cultural Modifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Overshoot and Collapse
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Population Overshoot
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Resource Depletion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. System Collapse
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Recovery Processes

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  4. Human Environmental Adaptation