Human Ecology

  1. Human Environmental Adaptation
    1. Biological Adaptation Mechanisms
      1. Genetic Adaptations
        1. Natural Selection Processes
          1. Directional Selection
            1. Stabilizing Selection
              1. Disruptive Selection
              2. Human Genetic Variations
                1. Skin Pigmentation
                  1. High Altitude Adaptations
                    1. Disease Resistance
                      1. Lactose Tolerance
                      2. Evolutionary Time Scales
                        1. Microevolution
                          1. Population Genetics
                            1. Gene Flow
                          2. Physiological Adaptations
                            1. Acclimatization Processes
                              1. Short-Term Responses
                                1. Reversible Changes
                                  1. Homeostatic Adjustments
                                  2. Developmental Adaptations
                                    1. Long-Term Adjustments
                                      1. Critical Periods
                                        1. Phenotypic Plasticity
                                        2. Environmental Stressors
                                          1. Temperature Extremes
                                            1. High Altitude
                                              1. Nutritional Stress
                                                1. Disease Exposure
                                            2. Cultural Adaptation Strategies
                                              1. Subsistence Systems
                                                1. Foraging Societies
                                                  1. Hunting Strategies
                                                    1. Gathering Techniques
                                                      1. Seasonal Mobility
                                                        1. Resource Sharing
                                                        2. Pastoral Societies
                                                          1. Animal Domestication
                                                            1. Grazing Management
                                                              1. Mobility Patterns
                                                                1. Risk Management
                                                                2. Agricultural Societies
                                                                  1. Crop Domestication
                                                                    1. Farming Techniques
                                                                      1. Irrigation Systems
                                                                        1. Storage Methods
                                                                        2. Industrial Food Systems
                                                                          1. Mass Production
                                                                            1. Global Distribution
                                                                              1. Processing Technologies
                                                                                1. Market Integration
                                                                              2. Social Organization
                                                                                1. Kinship Systems
                                                                                  1. Family Structures
                                                                                    1. Descent Groups
                                                                                      1. Marriage Patterns
                                                                                        1. Inheritance Rules
                                                                                        2. Cooperative Behaviors
                                                                                          1. Resource Sharing
                                                                                            1. Collective Labor
                                                                                              1. Risk Pooling
                                                                                                1. Reciprocity Systems
                                                                                                2. Division of Labor
                                                                                                  1. Gender Roles
                                                                                                    1. Age-Based Tasks
                                                                                                      1. Specialization
                                                                                                        1. Skill Development
                                                                                                      2. Knowledge Systems
                                                                                                        1. Traditional Ecological Knowledge
                                                                                                          1. Environmental Observations
                                                                                                            1. Resource Management Practices
                                                                                                              1. Seasonal Calendars
                                                                                                                1. Ecological Indicators
                                                                                                                2. Knowledge Transmission
                                                                                                                  1. Oral Traditions
                                                                                                                    1. Apprenticeship
                                                                                                                      1. Ritual Practices
                                                                                                                        1. Storytelling
                                                                                                                        2. Adaptive Learning
                                                                                                                          1. Trial and Error
                                                                                                                            1. Innovation Processes
                                                                                                                              1. Knowledge Integration
                                                                                                                                1. Cultural Evolution
                                                                                                                              2. Material Culture
                                                                                                                                1. Clothing Technologies
                                                                                                                                  1. Climate Adaptation
                                                                                                                                    1. Material Selection
                                                                                                                                      1. Design Innovations
                                                                                                                                        1. Cultural Significance
                                                                                                                                        2. Shelter Construction
                                                                                                                                          1. Building Materials
                                                                                                                                            1. Architectural Styles
                                                                                                                                              1. Climate Considerations
                                                                                                                                                1. Social Functions
                                                                                                                                                2. Tool Technologies
                                                                                                                                                  1. Resource Extraction Tools
                                                                                                                                                    1. Processing Equipment
                                                                                                                                                      1. Transportation Devices
                                                                                                                                                        1. Measurement Instruments
                                                                                                                                                    2. Technological Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                      1. Resource Acquisition Technologies
                                                                                                                                                        1. Hunting Technologies
                                                                                                                                                          1. Weapon Systems
                                                                                                                                                            1. Tracking Methods
                                                                                                                                                              1. Preservation Techniques
                                                                                                                                                              2. Gathering Technologies
                                                                                                                                                                1. Collection Tools
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Processing Equipment
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Storage Systems
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Agricultural Technologies
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cultivation Tools
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Irrigation Systems
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Pest Management
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Harvesting Equipment
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Fishing Technologies
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Capture Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Boat Construction
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Processing Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Environmental Modification
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Water Management
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Wells and Springs
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Canals and Aqueducts
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Drainage Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Flood Control
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Land Modification
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Terracing
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Soil Improvement
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Landscape Engineering
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Habitat Creation
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Climate Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Heating Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cooling Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Ventilation
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Insulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Information Technologies
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Environmental Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Weather Prediction
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Resource Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Risk Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Data Collection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Communication Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Knowledge Sharing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Coordination Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Warning Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Educational Tools

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                    3. Ecological Systems and Environmental Processes

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                    5. Human Environmental Modification