Glaciology and Glacial Geomorphology

5.

Glacier Dynamics and Ice Flow

5.1.

The Rheology of Ice

5.1.1.

Ice as a Viscous Material

5.1.2.

Stress-Strain Relationships

5.1.3.

Temperature Dependence

5.1.4.

Impurities and Crystal Structure

5.1.5.

Anisotropy Effects

5.2.

Mechanisms of Ice Movement

5.2.1.

Internal Deformation

5.2.1.1.

Glen's Flow Law

5.2.1.2.

Crystal Slippage

5.2.1.3.

Dislocation Creep

5.2.1.4.

Grain Boundary Sliding

5.2.2.

5.2.2.1.

Conditions for Sliding

5.2.2.2.

5.2.2.3.

5.2.2.4.

Role of Water at the Bed

5.2.2.5.

5.2.3.

Subglacial Bed Deformation

5.2.3.1.

Deformable Sediment Beds

5.2.3.2.

5.2.3.3.

Water Content Effects

5.2.3.4.

5.3.

Velocity Profiles in Glaciers

5.3.1.

Surface Velocity

5.3.2.

5.3.3.

Longitudinal Profiles

5.3.4.

Transverse Profiles

5.3.5.

Vertical Profiles

5.4.

Stress and Strain in Glaciers

5.4.1.

5.4.2.

Basal Shear Stress

5.4.3.

Longitudinal Stress

5.4.4.

5.5.

Surging and Fast-Flowing Glaciers

5.5.1.

Characteristics of Surges

5.5.2.

Causes and Triggers

5.5.3.

5.5.4.

5.5.5.

Fast-Flow Mechanisms

5.6.

Structural Features in Ice

5.6.1.

5.6.1.1.

Transverse Crevasses

5.6.1.2.

Longitudinal Crevasses

5.6.1.3.

Splaying Crevasses

5.6.1.4.

Radial Crevasses

5.6.1.5.

Marginal Crevasses

5.6.2.

5.6.2.1.

Formation Mechanisms

5.6.2.2.

Appearance and Spacing

5.6.3.

5.6.3.1.

Primary Foliation

5.6.3.2.

Secondary Foliation

5.6.3.3.

Origin and Significance

5.6.4.

5.6.4.1.

Formation and Characteristics

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4. Glacier Mass Balance

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6. Glacial Thermal Regime