Glaciology and Glacial Geomorphology

  1. Paleoglaciology and Quaternary Glaciations
    1. Principles of Paleoglaciology
      1. Reconstructing Past Ice Sheets
        1. Mapping Former Ice Extents
          1. Ice Flow Indicators
            1. Chronological Framework
            2. Evidence for Past Glaciations
              1. Geomorphological Evidence
                1. Landform Assemblages
                  1. Moraines and Drumlins
                    1. Erosional Features
                    2. Stratigraphic Evidence
                      1. Till Sheets
                        1. Glacial-Interglacial Sequences
                          1. Stratigraphic Relationships
                          2. Sedimentary Records
                            1. Marine Sediment Cores
                              1. Lake Sediment Cores
                                1. Proxy Indicators
                                2. Ice Core Records
                                  1. Isotopic Records
                                    1. Chemical Records
                                      1. Atmospheric Composition
                                    2. The Quaternary Period
                                      1. Definition and Subdivision
                                        1. Pleistocene Epoch
                                          1. Holocene Epoch
                                          2. Pleistocene Ice Ages
                                            1. Glacial and Interglacial Cycles
                                              1. Timing and Duration
                                                1. Marine Isotope Stages
                                                2. Major Ice Sheets
                                                  1. Laurentide Ice Sheet
                                                    1. Fennoscandian Ice Sheet
                                                      1. British Ice Sheet
                                                      2. Causes of Glaciation
                                                        1. Milankovitch Cycles
                                                          1. Orbital Forcing
                                                            1. Feedback Mechanisms
                                                              1. Threshold Effects
                                                            2. The Last Glacial Maximum
                                                              1. Timing and Definition
                                                                1. Global Ice Extent
                                                                  1. Environmental Impacts
                                                                    1. Sea Level Changes
                                                                    2. Deglaciation
                                                                      1. Patterns of Ice Retreat
                                                                        1. Deglacial Chronology
                                                                          1. Meltwater Events
                                                                            1. Post-glacial Rebound
                                                                            2. Holocene Climate and Glaciers
                                                                              1. Holocene Thermal Maximum
                                                                                1. Neoglaciation
                                                                                  1. Little Ice Age
                                                                                    1. Modern Warming
                                                                                    2. Dating Methods in Paleoglaciology
                                                                                      1. Radiocarbon Dating
                                                                                        1. Principles and Applications
                                                                                          1. Limitations
                                                                                          2. Cosmogenic Nuclide Dating
                                                                                            1. Surface Exposure Dating
                                                                                              1. Burial Dating
                                                                                              2. Luminescence Dating
                                                                                                1. OSL and TL Methods
                                                                                                2. Lichenometry
                                                                                                  1. Growth Rate Curves
                                                                                                  2. Amino Acid Racemization
                                                                                                    1. Tephrochronology

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                                                                                                  14. Periglacial Geomorphology

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                                                                                                  16. Glaciers and Climate