Genetics and Heredity

  1. Gene Mutation and Genetic Variation
    1. The Nature of Mutation
      1. Definition of Mutation
        1. Spontaneous Mutations
          1. Induced Mutations
            1. Mutation Rate
              1. Somatic Mutations
                1. Germline Mutations
                2. Types of Gene Mutations
                  1. Point Mutations
                    1. Base Substitutions
                      1. Transitions
                        1. Transversions
                        2. Effects of Substitutions
                          1. Silent Mutations
                            1. Missense Mutations
                              1. Nonsense Mutations
                            2. Insertion and Deletion Mutations
                              1. Small Insertions and Deletions
                                1. Frameshift Mutations
                                  1. In-Frame Mutations
                                  2. Repeat Expansion Mutations
                                    1. Trinucleotide Repeats
                                      1. Anticipation
                                    2. Chromosomal Mutations
                                      1. Structural Aberrations
                                        1. Deletions
                                          1. Duplications
                                            1. Inversions
                                              1. Paracentric Inversions
                                                1. Pericentric Inversions
                                                2. Translocations
                                                  1. Reciprocal Translocations
                                                    1. Robertsonian Translocations
                                                  2. Numerical Aberrations
                                                    1. Aneuploidy
                                                      1. Monosomy
                                                        1. Trisomy
                                                          1. Nullisomy
                                                          2. Polyploidy
                                                            1. Triploidy
                                                              1. Tetraploidy
                                                          3. Causes of Mutation
                                                            1. Spontaneous Mutagenesis
                                                              1. DNA Replication Errors
                                                                1. Spontaneous Chemical Changes
                                                                  1. Slipped-Strand Mispairing
                                                                  2. Induced Mutagenesis
                                                                    1. Chemical Mutagens
                                                                      1. Base Analogs
                                                                        1. Alkylating Agents
                                                                          1. Intercalating Agents
                                                                          2. Physical Mutagens
                                                                            1. Ionizing Radiation
                                                                              1. Ultraviolet Radiation
                                                                                1. Heat
                                                                                2. Biological Mutagens
                                                                                  1. Transposable Elements
                                                                                    1. Viral Insertions
                                                                                3. DNA Repair Mechanisms
                                                                                  1. Direct Repair
                                                                                    1. Photolyase
                                                                                      1. Methylguanine Methyltransferase
                                                                                      2. Excision Repair
                                                                                        1. Base Excision Repair
                                                                                          1. Nucleotide Excision Repair
                                                                                          2. Mismatch Repair
                                                                                            1. Recognition of Mismatches
                                                                                              1. Repair Process
                                                                                              2. Double-Strand Break Repair
                                                                                                1. Homologous Recombination
                                                                                                  1. Non-Homologous End Joining
                                                                                                  2. SOS Response
                                                                                                    1. Error-Prone Repair
                                                                                                      1. RecA Protein

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                                                                                                  7. Sex-Linked Inheritance

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                                                                                                  9. Regulation of Gene Expression