Forest Ecology and Management

  1. Forest Ecosystem Components and Environment
    1. Abiotic Factors
      1. Climate Variables
        1. Temperature Regimes
          1. Mean Annual Temperature
            1. Seasonal Variation
              1. Diurnal Fluctuation
                1. Growing Season Length
                2. Precipitation Patterns
                  1. Annual Precipitation
                    1. Seasonal Distribution
                      1. Precipitation Form
                        1. Drought Frequency
                        2. Solar Radiation
                          1. Photosynthetically Active Radiation
                            1. Seasonal Light Variation
                              1. Canopy Light Interception
                              2. Atmospheric Conditions
                                1. Humidity
                                  1. Wind Patterns
                                    1. Air Quality
                                  2. Topographic Factors
                                    1. Elevation Effects
                                      1. Temperature Lapse Rates
                                        1. Species Distribution Limits
                                          1. Growing Season Changes
                                          2. Slope Characteristics
                                            1. Gradient Effects
                                              1. Aspect Influences
                                                1. Drainage Patterns
                                                2. Landform Features
                                                  1. Ridges and Valleys
                                                    1. Plateaus and Plains
                                                      1. Coastal Influences
                                                    2. Soil Properties
                                                      1. Soil Formation Processes
                                                        1. Parent Material Weathering
                                                          1. Organic Matter Accumulation
                                                            1. Profile Development
                                                            2. Physical Properties
                                                              1. Texture Classes
                                                                1. Structure Types
                                                                  1. Porosity and Permeability
                                                                    1. Water Holding Capacity
                                                                      1. Bulk Density
                                                                      2. Chemical Properties
                                                                        1. Soil pH and Buffering
                                                                          1. Cation Exchange Capacity
                                                                            1. Base Saturation
                                                                              1. Nutrient Availability
                                                                                1. Organic Matter Content
                                                                                2. Biological Properties
                                                                                  1. Microbial Communities
                                                                                    1. Soil Fauna
                                                                                      1. Enzyme Activity
                                                                                        1. Decomposition Rates
                                                                                    2. Biotic Components
                                                                                      1. Primary Producers
                                                                                        1. Tree Species
                                                                                          1. Canopy Trees
                                                                                            1. Understory Trees
                                                                                              1. Pioneer Species
                                                                                                1. Climax Species
                                                                                                2. Shrub Layer Vegetation
                                                                                                  1. Woody Shrubs
                                                                                                    1. Subshrubs
                                                                                                      1. Climbing Plants
                                                                                                      2. Herbaceous Plants
                                                                                                        1. Grasses
                                                                                                          1. Forbs
                                                                                                            1. Ferns
                                                                                                            2. Non-Vascular Plants
                                                                                                              1. Mosses
                                                                                                                1. Liverworts
                                                                                                                  1. Lichens
                                                                                                                2. Primary Consumers
                                                                                                                  1. Mammalian Herbivores
                                                                                                                    1. Large Ungulates
                                                                                                                      1. Small Mammals
                                                                                                                        1. Arboreal Species
                                                                                                                        2. Insect Herbivores
                                                                                                                          1. Leaf Feeders
                                                                                                                            1. Wood Borers
                                                                                                                              1. Sap Feeders
                                                                                                                              2. Other Herbivores
                                                                                                                                1. Birds
                                                                                                                                  1. Reptiles
                                                                                                                                    1. Invertebrates
                                                                                                                                  2. Secondary and Higher Consumers
                                                                                                                                    1. Carnivorous Mammals
                                                                                                                                      1. Large Predators
                                                                                                                                        1. Small Carnivores
                                                                                                                                          1. Insectivores
                                                                                                                                          2. Predatory Birds
                                                                                                                                            1. Raptors
                                                                                                                                              1. Insectivorous Birds
                                                                                                                                              2. Other Predators
                                                                                                                                                1. Reptilian Predators
                                                                                                                                                  1. Arthropod Predators
                                                                                                                                                2. Decomposers and Detritivores
                                                                                                                                                  1. Fungal Decomposers
                                                                                                                                                    1. Saprotrophic Fungi
                                                                                                                                                      1. Wood-Decay Fungi
                                                                                                                                                        1. Litter Decomposers
                                                                                                                                                        2. Bacterial Decomposers
                                                                                                                                                          1. Aerobic Bacteria
                                                                                                                                                            1. Anaerobic Bacteria
                                                                                                                                                            2. Invertebrate Detritivores
                                                                                                                                                              1. Earthworms
                                                                                                                                                                1. Millipedes
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Springtails
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Mites

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                                                                                                                                                              1. Introduction to Forest Ecology and Management

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                                                                                                                                                              3. Forest Structure and Spatial Organization