Electron Microscopy

  1. Scanning Electron Microscopy
    1. Operating Principles
      1. Focused Electron Beam Probing
        1. Beam Spot Size and Resolution
          1. Probe Size Limitations
            1. Resolution Factors
            2. Beam Current Considerations
              1. Signal-to-Noise Ratio
                1. Specimen Damage
              2. Raster Scanning
                1. Scan Patterns and Control
                  1. Line Scanning
                    1. Frame Scanning
                    2. Dwell Time and Pixel Size
                      1. Image Quality Factors
                        1. Acquisition Speed
                      2. Signal Detection for Image Formation
                        1. Signal Types and Collection
                          1. Simultaneous Multi-Signal Detection
                            1. Signal Processing
                        2. SEM Instrumentation
                          1. Scan Coils
                            1. Beam Deflection and Control
                              1. Magnetic Deflection System
                                1. Scan Amplifiers
                                2. Scan Distortion Correction
                                  1. Linearity Adjustments
                                    1. Geometric Corrections
                                  2. Specimen Chamber and Stage
                                    1. Stage Movement and Control
                                      1. X-Y Translation
                                        1. Z-Height Adjustment
                                          1. Tilt and Rotation
                                          2. Eucentric Stage Design
                                            1. Tilt Axis Alignment
                                              1. Working Distance Optimization
                                              2. Environmental Control
                                                1. Temperature Control
                                                  1. Gas Introduction Systems
                                                2. Signal Detectors
                                                  1. Everhart-Thornley Detector
                                                    1. Working Principle
                                                      1. Scintillator-Photomultiplier Design
                                                        1. Bias Voltage Effects
                                                        2. Signal Amplification
                                                          1. Light Pipe Coupling
                                                            1. PMT Gain Control
                                                            2. Collection Efficiency
                                                              1. Geometric Factors
                                                                1. Energy Filtering
                                                              2. Solid-State Detectors
                                                                1. Semiconductor Detector Design
                                                                  1. Energy and Angle Sensitivity
                                                                    1. Backscattered Electron Detection
                                                                      1. Compositional Imaging
                                                                        1. Topographical Effects
                                                                      2. In-Lens Detectors
                                                                        1. High-Resolution Imaging
                                                                          1. Low Voltage Applications
                                                                            1. Signal Collection Geometry
                                                                            2. X-ray Detectors
                                                                              1. Energy-Dispersive Detectors
                                                                                1. Wavelength-Dispersive Detectors
                                                                                  1. Detector Positioning and Geometry
                                                                              2. SEM Imaging and Contrast
                                                                                1. Topographical Contrast
                                                                                  1. Surface Morphology Visualization
                                                                                    1. Shadow Effects
                                                                                      1. Edge Enhancement
                                                                                      2. Secondary Electron Imaging
                                                                                        1. Surface Sensitivity
                                                                                          1. Topographical Information
                                                                                        2. Compositional Contrast
                                                                                          1. Backscattered Electron Imaging
                                                                                            1. Atomic Number Contrast
                                                                                              1. Phase Identification
                                                                                              2. Quantitative Compositional Analysis
                                                                                                1. Standards and Calibration
                                                                                                  1. Matrix Effects
                                                                                                2. Edge Effect and Shadowing
                                                                                                  1. Geometric Effects
                                                                                                    1. Signal Collection Efficiency
                                                                                                    2. Charging Effects and Mitigation
                                                                                                      1. Charge Accumulation Mechanisms
                                                                                                        1. Coating Strategies
                                                                                                          1. Low Voltage Imaging
                                                                                                            1. Variable Pressure Techniques
                                                                                                          2. Environmental SEM
                                                                                                            1. Principles and Advantages
                                                                                                              1. Imaging of Wet and Non-Conductive Samples
                                                                                                                1. Natural State Observation
                                                                                                                  1. Dynamic Process Studies
                                                                                                                  2. Gas Environment Effects
                                                                                                                    1. Gas Amplification
                                                                                                                      1. Pressure Limitations
                                                                                                                    2. Gaseous Detection Systems
                                                                                                                      1. Gaseous Secondary Electron Detector
                                                                                                                        1. Gas Amplification Mechanism
                                                                                                                          1. Pressure Range Operation
                                                                                                                          2. Environmental Detector Design
                                                                                                                            1. Electrode Configuration
                                                                                                                              1. Signal Collection
                                                                                                                            2. Pressure Control and Sample Hydration
                                                                                                                              1. Differential Pumping Systems
                                                                                                                                1. Peltier Cooling Stages
                                                                                                                                  1. Humidity Control

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                                                                                                                              3. Transmission Electron Microscopy

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                                                                                                                              5. Specimen Preparation