Computer Organization and Architecture

  1. Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)
    1. ISA Fundamentals
      1. Definition and Role of ISA
        1. ISA as Hardware-Software Interface
          1. ISA Design Considerations
          2. Instruction Components
            1. Opcode Field
              1. Operation Specification
                1. Opcode Encoding
                2. Operand Fields
                  1. Source Operands
                    1. Destination Operands
                    2. Address Fields
                      1. Memory Addresses
                        1. Register Addresses
                        2. Instruction Format Structure
                        3. Instruction Classification
                          1. Data Transfer Instructions
                            1. Load Instructions
                              1. Store Instructions
                                1. Move Instructions
                                  1. Exchange Instructions
                                  2. Arithmetic Instructions
                                    1. Integer Addition
                                      1. Integer Subtraction
                                        1. Integer Multiplication
                                          1. Integer Division
                                            1. Floating-Point Operations
                                            2. Logical Instructions
                                              1. Bitwise AND
                                                1. Bitwise OR
                                                  1. Bitwise NOT
                                                    1. Bitwise XOR
                                                      1. Shift Operations
                                                        1. Rotate Operations
                                                        2. Control Flow Instructions
                                                          1. Conditional Branches
                                                            1. Unconditional Jumps
                                                              1. Procedure Calls
                                                                1. Return Instructions
                                                                  1. Loop Control Instructions
                                                                  2. Input/Output Instructions
                                                                    1. Port-Based I/O
                                                                      1. Memory-Mapped I/O Instructions
                                                                      2. System Control Instructions
                                                                        1. Privileged Instructions
                                                                          1. Interrupt Control
                                                                            1. Cache Control
                                                                          2. Instruction Formats
                                                                            1. Zero-Address Instructions
                                                                              1. Stack-Based Operations
                                                                                1. Implicit Operands
                                                                                2. One-Address Instructions
                                                                                  1. Accumulator-Based Architecture
                                                                                  2. Two-Address Instructions
                                                                                    1. Register-Register Operations
                                                                                      1. Register-Memory Operations
                                                                                      2. Three-Address Instructions
                                                                                        1. General Register Architecture
                                                                                        2. Instruction Length Considerations
                                                                                          1. Fixed-Length Instructions
                                                                                            1. Advantages and Disadvantages
                                                                                            2. Variable-Length Instructions
                                                                                              1. Advantages and Disadvantages
                                                                                                1. Alignment Issues
                                                                                            3. Addressing Modes
                                                                                              1. Immediate Addressing
                                                                                                1. Constant Values
                                                                                                  1. Instruction Size Impact
                                                                                                  2. Direct Addressing
                                                                                                    1. Absolute Addressing
                                                                                                      1. Memory Access Patterns
                                                                                                      2. Indirect Addressing
                                                                                                        1. Single-Level Indirection
                                                                                                          1. Multi-Level Indirection
                                                                                                          2. Register Addressing
                                                                                                            1. Register File Access
                                                                                                              1. Register Encoding
                                                                                                              2. Register Indirect Addressing
                                                                                                                1. Pointer-Based Access
                                                                                                                2. Displacement Addressing
                                                                                                                  1. Base-Plus-Offset Addressing
                                                                                                                    1. Indexed Addressing
                                                                                                                      1. Base-Indexed Addressing
                                                                                                                      2. Stack Addressing
                                                                                                                        1. Push and Pop Operations
                                                                                                                          1. Stack Pointer Management
                                                                                                                          2. PC-Relative Addressing
                                                                                                                            1. Branch Target Calculation
                                                                                                                              1. Position-Independent Code
                                                                                                                            2. ISA Design Philosophies
                                                                                                                              1. Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC)
                                                                                                                                1. Design Principles
                                                                                                                                  1. Instruction Complexity
                                                                                                                                    1. Microcode Implementation
                                                                                                                                      1. Memory-to-Memory Operations
                                                                                                                                        1. Variable Instruction Lengths
                                                                                                                                          1. Advantages of CISC
                                                                                                                                            1. Disadvantages of CISC
                                                                                                                                            2. Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)
                                                                                                                                              1. Design Principles
                                                                                                                                                1. Simple Instructions
                                                                                                                                                  1. Load-Store Architecture
                                                                                                                                                    1. Fixed Instruction Length
                                                                                                                                                      1. Large Register Files
                                                                                                                                                        1. Hardwired Control
                                                                                                                                                          1. Advantages of RISC
                                                                                                                                                            1. Disadvantages of RISC
                                                                                                                                                            2. CISC vs RISC Comparison
                                                                                                                                                              1. Performance Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                1. Compiler Complexity
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Code Density
                                                                                                                                                                2. Compiler and ISA Interaction
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Instruction Selection Process
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Register Allocation Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Code Optimization Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                        1. ISA-Specific Optimizations

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                                                                                                                                                                      2. Data Representation

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                                                                                                                                                                      4. Central Processing Unit (CPU)