Computer Organization and Architecture

  1. Data Representation
    1. Number Systems
      1. Positional Number Systems
        1. Binary Number System
          1. Binary Digits (Bits)
            1. Binary Arithmetic
            2. Octal Number System
              1. Decimal Number System
                1. Hexadecimal Number System
                  1. Base Conversion Techniques
                    1. Decimal to Binary Conversion
                      1. Binary to Decimal Conversion
                        1. Binary to Octal Conversion
                          1. Octal to Binary Conversion
                            1. Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion
                              1. Hexadecimal to Binary Conversion
                                1. Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion
                                  1. Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion
                                2. Integer Representation
                                  1. Unsigned Integer Representation
                                    1. Range Calculations
                                      1. Overflow Conditions
                                      2. Signed Integer Representation
                                        1. Sign-Magnitude Representation
                                          1. Format Structure
                                            1. Range and Limitations
                                            2. One's Complement Representation
                                              1. Format Structure
                                                1. Arithmetic Operations
                                                  1. Range and Limitations
                                                  2. Two's Complement Representation
                                                    1. Format Structure
                                                      1. Arithmetic Operations
                                                        1. Range Calculations
                                                          1. Overflow Detection
                                                        2. Integer Arithmetic Operations
                                                          1. Binary Addition
                                                            1. Carry Generation
                                                              1. Overflow Detection
                                                              2. Binary Subtraction
                                                                1. Borrow Generation
                                                                  1. Two's Complement Subtraction
                                                                  2. Binary Multiplication
                                                                    1. Shift-and-Add Algorithm
                                                                      1. Booth's Algorithm
                                                                        1. Hardware Implementation
                                                                        2. Binary Division
                                                                          1. Restoring Division Algorithm
                                                                            1. Non-Restoring Division Algorithm
                                                                              1. Hardware Implementation
                                                                          2. Floating-Point Representation
                                                                            1. Scientific Notation Concepts
                                                                              1. Mantissa and Exponent
                                                                                1. Normalization Process
                                                                                2. IEEE 754 Standard
                                                                                  1. Standard Overview
                                                                                    1. Format Structure Components
                                                                                      1. Sign Bit
                                                                                        1. Exponent Field
                                                                                          1. Mantissa Field (Significand)
                                                                                          2. Single-Precision Format (32-bit)
                                                                                            1. Bit Allocation
                                                                                              1. Range and Precision
                                                                                              2. Double-Precision Format (64-bit)
                                                                                                1. Bit Allocation
                                                                                                  1. Range and Precision
                                                                                                  2. Special Values
                                                                                                    1. Positive and Negative Zero
                                                                                                      1. Positive and Negative Infinity
                                                                                                        1. Not-a-Number (NaN)
                                                                                                          1. Denormalized Numbers
                                                                                                        2. Floating-Point Arithmetic
                                                                                                          1. Addition and Subtraction Algorithms
                                                                                                            1. Alignment of Mantissas
                                                                                                              1. Normalization
                                                                                                              2. Multiplication Algorithm
                                                                                                                1. Division Algorithm
                                                                                                                  1. Rounding Modes
                                                                                                                    1. Round to Nearest
                                                                                                                      1. Round toward Zero
                                                                                                                        1. Round toward Positive Infinity
                                                                                                                          1. Round toward Negative Infinity
                                                                                                                          2. Precision Issues
                                                                                                                            1. Floating-Point Errors
                                                                                                                              1. Representation Errors
                                                                                                                                1. Rounding Errors
                                                                                                                                  1. Truncation Errors
                                                                                                                              2. Character and Text Representation
                                                                                                                                1. ASCII Character Set
                                                                                                                                  1. Standard ASCII (7-bit)
                                                                                                                                    1. Extended ASCII (8-bit)
                                                                                                                                      1. ASCII Control Characters
                                                                                                                                      2. Unicode Standard
                                                                                                                                        1. Unicode Principles
                                                                                                                                          1. Unicode Code Points
                                                                                                                                            1. UTF-8 Encoding
                                                                                                                                              1. Variable-Length Encoding
                                                                                                                                                1. Backward Compatibility
                                                                                                                                                2. UTF-16 Encoding
                                                                                                                                                  1. UTF-32 Encoding
                                                                                                                                                  2. Other Character Encodings
                                                                                                                                                    1. EBCDIC
                                                                                                                                                      1. ISO Latin Character Sets

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                                                                                                                                                  3. Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)