Climate Change Science and Adaptation

  1. Governance, Policy, and Finance for Adaptation
    1. International Adaptation Governance
      1. Global Climate Governance
        1. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
          1. Adaptation Provisions
            1. Article 4 Commitments
              1. Adaptation Reporting
              2. Conference of the Parties Decisions
                1. Adaptation Decisions
                  1. Technical Guidelines
                  2. Subsidiary Bodies
                    1. Adaptation Committee
                      1. Least Developed Countries Expert Group
                    2. Paris Agreement
                      1. Global Goal on Adaptation
                        1. Adaptation Objectives
                          1. Progress Assessment
                          2. Nationally Determined Contributions
                            1. Adaptation Components
                              1. Implementation Plans
                              2. Adaptation Communications
                                1. Reporting Requirements
                                  1. Information Sharing
                                  2. Global Stocktake
                                    1. Adaptation Assessment
                                      1. Progress Evaluation
                                  3. International Cooperation
                                    1. Technology Transfer
                                      1. Technology Needs Assessment
                                        1. Technology Transfer Mechanisms
                                          1. Capacity Building
                                          2. Knowledge Sharing
                                            1. Best Practice Exchange
                                              1. Research Collaboration
                                                1. Information Platforms
                                                2. Regional Cooperation
                                                  1. Regional Organizations
                                                    1. Transboundary Issues
                                                      1. Regional Adaptation Strategies
                                                    2. International Standards and Guidelines
                                                      1. Adaptation Standards
                                                        1. ISO Standards
                                                          1. Technical Guidelines
                                                          2. Reporting Standards
                                                            1. Transparency Framework
                                                              1. Common Reporting Formats
                                                          3. National Adaptation Governance
                                                            1. National Adaptation Planning
                                                              1. National Adaptation Plans
                                                                1. NAP Process
                                                                  1. Planning Phase
                                                                    1. Implementation Phase
                                                                      1. Monitoring and Review
                                                                      2. Institutional Arrangements
                                                                        1. Lead Agencies
                                                                          1. Coordination Mechanisms
                                                                            1. Stakeholder Engagement
                                                                            2. Integration with Development Planning
                                                                              1. Mainstreaming Approaches
                                                                                1. Sectoral Integration
                                                                                  1. Budget Integration
                                                                                2. National Adaptation Strategies
                                                                                  1. Strategic Frameworks
                                                                                    1. Priority Setting
                                                                                      1. Implementation Roadmaps
                                                                                    2. Policy Integration
                                                                                      1. Mainstreaming Adaptation
                                                                                        1. Sectoral Mainstreaming
                                                                                          1. Development Planning Integration
                                                                                            1. Budget Mainstreaming
                                                                                            2. Policy Coherence
                                                                                              1. Inter-sectoral Coordination
                                                                                                1. Multi-level Governance
                                                                                                  1. Policy Alignment
                                                                                              2. Sub-National and Local Governance
                                                                                                1. Local Adaptation Planning
                                                                                                  1. Local Adaptation Plans
                                                                                                    1. Community-Based Planning
                                                                                                      1. Participatory Approaches
                                                                                                        1. Local Knowledge Integration
                                                                                                        2. Urban Adaptation Planning
                                                                                                          1. City-Level Strategies
                                                                                                            1. Neighborhood Planning
                                                                                                              1. Infrastructure Planning
                                                                                                            2. Multi-Level Governance
                                                                                                              1. Vertical Coordination
                                                                                                                1. National-Local Linkages
                                                                                                                  1. Resource Flows
                                                                                                                    1. Capacity Support
                                                                                                                    2. Horizontal Coordination
                                                                                                                      1. Inter-municipal Cooperation
                                                                                                                        1. Regional Coordination
                                                                                                                          1. Cross-Sectoral Collaboration
                                                                                                                        2. Community-Based Adaptation
                                                                                                                          1. Participatory Governance
                                                                                                                            1. Community Participation
                                                                                                                              1. Stakeholder Engagement
                                                                                                                                1. Decision-Making Processes
                                                                                                                                2. Indigenous and Traditional Knowledge
                                                                                                                                  1. Knowledge Systems
                                                                                                                                    1. Cultural Practices
                                                                                                                                      1. Rights and Recognition
                                                                                                                                      2. Local Institutions
                                                                                                                                        1. Community Organizations
                                                                                                                                          1. Traditional Institutions
                                                                                                                                            1. Capacity Building
                                                                                                                                        2. Adaptation Economics
                                                                                                                                          1. Economic Assessment of Adaptation
                                                                                                                                            1. Cost-Benefit Analysis
                                                                                                                                              1. Adaptation Costs
                                                                                                                                                1. Implementation Costs
                                                                                                                                                  1. Maintenance Costs
                                                                                                                                                    1. Opportunity Costs
                                                                                                                                                    2. Adaptation Benefits
                                                                                                                                                      1. Avoided Damages
                                                                                                                                                        1. Co-benefits
                                                                                                                                                          1. Ancillary Benefits
                                                                                                                                                          2. Methodological Challenges
                                                                                                                                                            1. Uncertainty Handling
                                                                                                                                                              1. Discount Rates
                                                                                                                                                                1. Non-market Valuation
                                                                                                                                                              2. Economic Valuation Methods
                                                                                                                                                                1. Market-Based Valuation
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Revealed Preference Methods
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Stated Preference Methods
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Benefit Transfer
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Ecosystem Services Valuation
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Valuation Approaches
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Economic Valuation
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Biophysical Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Social Valuation
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Ecosystem Service Categories
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Provisioning Services
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Regulating Services
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Cultural Services
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Supporting Services
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Payment for Ecosystem Services
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. PES Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Market Development
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Institutional Arrangements
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Economic Instruments
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Market-Based Instruments
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Environmental Taxes
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Tradable Permits
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Subsidies and Incentives
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Insurance Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Risk Transfer
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Risk Pooling
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Parametric Insurance
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Financial Incentives
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Performance-Based Payments
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Results-Based Financing
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Conditional Transfers
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Adaptation Finance
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Financing Needs and Gaps
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Global Financing Needs
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Adaptation Cost Estimates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Sectoral Financing Needs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Regional Financing Needs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Financing Gaps
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Current Financing Levels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Gap Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Barriers to Finance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Sources of Adaptation Finance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Public Finance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. National Budgets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Budget Allocation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Fiscal Policy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Public Investment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Development Finance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Official Development Assistance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Multilateral Development Banks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Bilateral Cooperation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Climate Finance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. International Climate Funds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Dedicated Funding Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Climate Finance Commitments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Private Finance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Private Sector Investment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Corporate Investment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Infrastructure Investment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Technology Investment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Financial Markets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Green Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Climate Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Insurance Markets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Blended Finance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Public-Private Partnerships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Risk Sharing Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Catalytic Finance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. International Climate Funds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Green Climate Fund
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Funding Modalities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Grants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Concessional Loans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Equity Investments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Access Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Direct Access
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. International Access
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Enhanced Direct Access
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Project Portfolio
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Adaptation Projects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cross-cutting Projects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Readiness Support
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Adaptation Fund
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Funding Principles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Country Ownership
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Vulnerable Country Priority
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Innovation and Learning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Access Modalities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. National Implementing Entities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Multilateral Implementing Entities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Direct Access
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Global Environment Facility
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Adaptation Programs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Least Developed Countries Fund
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Special Climate Change Fund
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. GEF Trust Fund
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Programming Approaches
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. National Programs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Regional Programs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Global Programs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Other Climate Funds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Climate Investment Funds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Bilateral Climate Funds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Regional Climate Funds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Innovative Financing Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Results-Based Finance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Payment for Results
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Performance Indicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Verification Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Catastrophe Risk Finance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Catastrophe Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Weather Derivatives
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Risk Pooling Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Microfinance for Adaptation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Climate-Smart Microfinance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Index-Based Insurance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Mobile Payment Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Equity and Justice in Adaptation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Climate Justice Principles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Distributive Justice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Fair Allocation of Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Burden Sharing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Benefit Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Procedural Justice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Participation in Decision-Making
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Access to Information
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Grievance Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Recognition Justice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Cultural Recognition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Rights Recognition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Knowledge Recognition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Vulnerable Groups and Regions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Least Developed Countries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Special Circumstances
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Capacity Constraints
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Support Needs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Small Island Developing States
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Existential Threats
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Limited Adaptation Options
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Loss and Damage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Indigenous Peoples
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Traditional Knowledge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Land Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Cultural Preservation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Gender Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Differential Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Women's Participation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Gender-Responsive Adaptation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Addressing Inequities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Targeted Support
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Vulnerable Group Support
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Capacity Building
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Technology Transfer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Inclusive Governance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Participatory Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Representative Institutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Accountability Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Rights-Based Approaches
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Human Rights Framework
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Right to Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Environmental Rights

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Foundations of Climate Science