Climate Change Science and Adaptation

  1. Impacts of Climate Change on Natural and Human Systems
    1. Physical System Impacts
      1. Extreme Weather Events
        1. Temperature Extremes
          1. Heatwaves
            1. Frequency and Duration Changes
              1. Intensity Increases
                1. Geographic Expansion
                2. Cold Extremes
                  1. Reduced Frequency
                    1. Polar Vortex Events
                  2. Precipitation Extremes
                    1. Heavy Precipitation Events
                      1. Intensity Changes
                        1. Frequency Increases
                        2. Flooding
                          1. Urban Flooding
                            1. River Flooding
                              1. Flash Floods
                                1. Coastal Flooding
                                2. Droughts
                                  1. Meteorological Drought
                                    1. Agricultural Drought
                                      1. Hydrological Drought
                                        1. Socioeconomic Drought
                                      2. Storm Systems
                                        1. Tropical Cyclones
                                          1. Intensity Changes
                                            1. Track Modifications
                                              1. Rainfall Increases
                                              2. Extratropical Storms
                                                1. Storm Track Changes
                                                  1. Wind Pattern Shifts
                                                  2. Severe Convective Storms
                                                    1. Tornado Activity
                                                      1. Hail Events
                                                  3. Hydrological System Changes
                                                    1. Water Cycle Intensification
                                                      1. Evaporation Increases
                                                        1. Precipitation Variability
                                                        2. River Flow Changes
                                                          1. Seasonal Flow Patterns
                                                            1. Peak Flow Timing
                                                              1. Low Flow Conditions
                                                              2. Groundwater Changes
                                                                1. Recharge Rate Changes
                                                                  1. Water Table Fluctuations
                                                                2. Ocean and Coastal Changes
                                                                  1. Ocean Circulation Changes
                                                                    1. Thermohaline Circulation
                                                                      1. Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation
                                                                        1. Pacific Circulation
                                                                        2. Regional Current Systems
                                                                          1. Upwelling Changes
                                                                            1. Coastal Currents
                                                                          2. Coastal Processes
                                                                            1. Shoreline Erosion
                                                                              1. Sediment Transport
                                                                                1. Barrier Island Migration
                                                                              2. Cryosphere Impacts
                                                                                1. Glacier and Ice Sheet Changes
                                                                                  1. Mass Balance Changes
                                                                                    1. Retreat Patterns
                                                                                      1. Ice Dynamics
                                                                                      2. Permafrost Thaw
                                                                                        1. Active Layer Deepening
                                                                                          1. Infrastructure Impacts
                                                                                            1. Carbon Release
                                                                                            2. Snow Cover Changes
                                                                                              1. Seasonal Duration
                                                                                                1. Snow Water Equivalent
                                                                                                  1. Albedo Feedbacks
                                                                                                2. Tipping Points and Abrupt Changes
                                                                                                  1. Ice Sheet Instabilities
                                                                                                    1. West Antarctic Ice Sheet
                                                                                                      1. Greenland Ice Sheet
                                                                                                        1. Marine Ice Sheet Instability
                                                                                                        2. Ecosystem Tipping Points
                                                                                                          1. Amazon Rainforest Dieback
                                                                                                            1. Boreal Forest Shifts
                                                                                                              1. Coral Reef Collapse
                                                                                                              2. Circulation Tipping Points
                                                                                                                1. AMOC Shutdown
                                                                                                                  1. Monsoon Shifts
                                                                                                                    1. Jet Stream Changes
                                                                                                                2. Ecosystem and Biodiversity Impacts
                                                                                                                  1. Species and Population Changes
                                                                                                                    1. Species Range Shifts
                                                                                                                      1. Latitudinal Shifts
                                                                                                                        1. Elevational Shifts
                                                                                                                          1. Marine Species Migration
                                                                                                                          2. Population Dynamics
                                                                                                                            1. Abundance Changes
                                                                                                                              1. Demographic Shifts
                                                                                                                                1. Genetic Diversity Loss
                                                                                                                                2. Phenological Changes
                                                                                                                                  1. Timing of Life Cycle Events
                                                                                                                                    1. Breeding Season Shifts
                                                                                                                                      1. Migration Timing
                                                                                                                                        1. Plant Flowering
                                                                                                                                      2. Ecosystem Structure and Function
                                                                                                                                        1. Community Composition Changes
                                                                                                                                          1. Species Turnover
                                                                                                                                            1. Invasive Species Expansion
                                                                                                                                              1. Native Species Decline
                                                                                                                                              2. Ecosystem Productivity
                                                                                                                                                1. Primary Productivity Changes
                                                                                                                                                  1. Carbon Sequestration
                                                                                                                                                    1. Nutrient Cycling
                                                                                                                                                    2. Habitat Modifications
                                                                                                                                                      1. Habitat Loss
                                                                                                                                                        1. Habitat Fragmentation
                                                                                                                                                          1. Habitat Quality Degradation
                                                                                                                                                        2. Marine Ecosystem Impacts
                                                                                                                                                          1. Ocean Warming Effects
                                                                                                                                                            1. Thermal Stress
                                                                                                                                                              1. Metabolic Changes
                                                                                                                                                                1. Distribution Shifts
                                                                                                                                                                2. Ocean Acidification Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Calcification Reduction
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Shell Dissolution
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Food Web Effects
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Coral Reef Systems
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Coral Bleaching
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Thermal Bleaching
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Acidification Effects
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Recovery Potential
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Reef Ecosystem Collapse
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Alternative Stable States
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Marine Food Webs
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Plankton Community Shifts
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Fish Stock Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Top Predator Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Terrestrial Ecosystem Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Forest Ecosystems
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Tree Mortality
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Forest Composition Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Fire Regime Alterations
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Grassland and Savanna Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Productivity Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Species Composition Shifts
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Grazing Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Wetland Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Hydrological Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Vegetation Shifts
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Wildlife Habitat Loss
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Mountain Ecosystems
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Alpine Species Vulnerability
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Treeline Shifts
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Glacial Ecosystem Loss
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Ecosystem Services Disruption
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Provisioning Services
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Food Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Fresh Water Supply
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Timber and Fiber
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Regulating Services
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Climate Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Water Purification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Pollination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Disease Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Cultural Services
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Recreation and Tourism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Spiritual Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Aesthetic Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Supporting Services
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Nutrient Cycling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Soil Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Primary Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Extinction Risk and Conservation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Species Vulnerability Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Climate Envelope Modeling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Extinction Risk Categories
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Conservation Challenges
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Protected Area Effectiveness
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Corridor Connectivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Ex-situ Conservation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Biodiversity Hotspots
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Climate Change Vulnerability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Conservation Priorities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  3. Human System Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Water Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Water Availability Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Surface Water Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. River Flow Alterations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Lake Level Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Reservoir Capacity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Groundwater Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Aquifer Depletion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Recharge Rate Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Saltwater Intrusion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Water Quality Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Temperature Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Contamination Risks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Algal Blooms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Salinization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Water Infrastructure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Supply System Vulnerability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Treatment Plant Capacity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Distribution Network Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Water Conflicts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Transboundary Water Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Competing Water Uses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Water Scarcity Conflicts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Agriculture and Food Security
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Crop Production Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Yield Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Temperature Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Precipitation Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. CO2 Fertilization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Crop Suitability Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Growing Season Length
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Suitable Growing Areas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. New Agricultural Zones
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Pest and Disease Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Insect Pest Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Plant Disease Spread
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Weed Competition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Livestock Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Heat Stress Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Productivity Decline
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Reproductive Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Feed Availability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Pasture Quality
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Feed Crop Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Disease and Parasite Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Vector-borne Diseases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Parasite Life Cycles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Fisheries and Aquaculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Marine Fisheries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Stock Distribution Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Productivity Shifts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Fishing Industry Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Freshwater Fisheries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Habitat Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Species Composition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Aquaculture Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Water Temperature Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Disease Outbreaks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Food System Resilience
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Supply Chain Disruptions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Price Volatility
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Nutritional Quality Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Human Health Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Direct Health Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Extreme Weather Injuries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Indirect Health Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Vector-Borne Diseases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Malaria Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Dengue Fever Spread
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Tick-Borne Diseases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. West Nile Virus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Water-Borne Diseases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Cholera Outbreaks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Diarrheal Diseases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Contaminated Water Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Food-Borne Diseases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Foodborne Pathogen Growth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Food Safety Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Air Quality Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Ozone Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Particulate Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Wildfire Smoke
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Nutritional Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Food Security
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Crop Failure Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Food Price Increases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Malnutrition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Undernutrition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Micronutrient Deficiency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Mental Health Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Climate Anxiety
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Displacement Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Solastalgia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Vulnerable Populations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Children and Elderly
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Chronic Disease Patients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Low-Income Communities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Indigenous Populations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Infrastructure and Built Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Transportation Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Road Infrastructure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Pavement Damage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Bridge Vulnerability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Flooding Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Rail Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Track Deformation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Service Disruptions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Aviation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Airport Operations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Flight Safety
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Maritime Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Port Infrastructure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Shipping Routes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Energy Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Power Generation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Thermal Plant Efficiency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Hydroelectric Generation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Renewable Energy Variability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Transmission and Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Grid Reliability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Equipment Failure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Energy Demand
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cooling Demand Increases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Heating Demand Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Peak Load Shifts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Buildings and Housing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Structural Integrity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Foundation Damage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Material Degradation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Indoor Climate Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Cooling System Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Ventilation Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Housing Habitability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Flood-Prone Areas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Heat Island Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Urban Infrastructure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Stormwater Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Drainage System Capacity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Urban Flooding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Water Supply Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Treatment Plant Capacity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Distribution Networks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Waste Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Collection Disruptions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Landfill Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              3. Economic Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Direct Economic Costs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Property Damage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Residential Property
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Commercial Property
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Public Infrastructure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Asset Losses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Agricultural Assets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Industrial Assets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Natural Capital
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Indirect Economic Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Business Interruption
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Supply Chain Disruptions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Production Losses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Service Interruptions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Labor Productivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Heat Stress Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Displacement Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Sectoral Economic Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Tourism and Recreation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Ski Industry Decline
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Beach Tourism Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Nature-Based Tourism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Insurance Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Claim Increases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Premium Adjustments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Risk Assessment Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Financial Services
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Stranded Assets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Credit Risk Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Investment Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Macroeconomic Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. GDP Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Inflation Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Trade Disruptions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Development Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Social and Cultural Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Population Displacement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Climate Migration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Internal Displacement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cross-Border Migration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Planned Relocation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Community Disruption
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Social Network Loss
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Cultural Disconnection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Social Inequality
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Differential Vulnerability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Access to Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Adaptive Capacity Gaps
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Cultural Heritage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Archaeological Sites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Traditional Practices
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Indigenous Knowledge Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Conflict and Security
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Resource Conflicts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Climate Security Risks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Institutional Stress

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Go to top

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      5. Climate Change Adaptation