Climate Change Science and Adaptation

  1. Climate Change Adaptation
    1. Adaptation Fundamentals
      1. Defining Adaptation
        1. Adaptation Concepts
          1. Adjustment to Climate Change
            1. Reducing Vulnerability
              1. Building Resilience
              2. Types of Adaptation
                1. Anticipatory Adaptation
                  1. Proactive Measures
                    1. Planning-Based Approaches
                    2. Reactive Adaptation
                      1. Response to Impacts
                        1. Crisis-Driven Actions
                        2. Autonomous Adaptation
                          1. Natural System Adjustments
                            1. Market-Driven Changes
                            2. Planned Adaptation
                              1. Policy-Driven Measures
                                1. Institutional Responses
                            3. Vulnerability Framework
                              1. Exposure
                                1. Climate Hazard Exposure
                                  1. Geographic Location
                                    1. Hazard Frequency and Intensity
                                    2. Socioeconomic Exposure
                                      1. Population Density
                                        1. Economic Activities
                                      2. Sensitivity
                                        1. System Characteristics
                                          1. Physical Sensitivity
                                            1. Biological Sensitivity
                                              1. Social Sensitivity
                                              2. Threshold Responses
                                                1. Critical Thresholds
                                                  1. Non-linear Responses
                                                2. Adaptive Capacity
                                                  1. Resources and Assets
                                                    1. Financial Resources
                                                      1. Human Capital
                                                        1. Natural Resources
                                                          1. Physical Infrastructure
                                                          2. Institutions and Governance
                                                            1. Institutional Capacity
                                                              1. Governance Quality
                                                                1. Social Capital
                                                                2. Technology and Knowledge
                                                                  1. Technical Capacity
                                                                    1. Information Access
                                                                      1. Innovation Capability
                                                                  2. Resilience Concepts
                                                                    1. Ecological Resilience
                                                                      1. System Stability
                                                                        1. Recovery Capacity
                                                                          1. Adaptive Cycles
                                                                          2. Social Resilience
                                                                            1. Community Cohesion
                                                                              1. Social Learning
                                                                                1. Collective Action
                                                                                2. Economic Resilience
                                                                                  1. Economic Diversity
                                                                                    1. Financial Stability
                                                                                      1. Market Adaptability
                                                                                      2. Infrastructure Resilience
                                                                                        1. System Redundancy
                                                                                          1. Robustness
                                                                                            1. Rapid Recovery
                                                                                          2. Adaptation-Mitigation Relationships
                                                                                            1. Synergies
                                                                                              1. Co-benefits
                                                                                                1. Integrated Approaches
                                                                                                2. Trade-offs
                                                                                                  1. Competing Objectives
                                                                                                    1. Resource Allocation
                                                                                                    2. Policy Integration
                                                                                                      1. Mainstreaming Approaches
                                                                                                        1. Coordination Mechanisms
                                                                                                      2. Maladaptation
                                                                                                        1. Defining Maladaptation
                                                                                                          1. Increased Vulnerability
                                                                                                            1. Reduced Adaptive Capacity
                                                                                                              1. Negative Side Effects
                                                                                                              2. Types of Maladaptation
                                                                                                                1. Path Dependency
                                                                                                                  1. Lock-in Effects
                                                                                                                    1. Spillover Effects
                                                                                                                    2. Avoiding Maladaptation
                                                                                                                      1. Risk Assessment
                                                                                                                        1. Stakeholder Engagement
                                                                                                                          1. Adaptive Management
                                                                                                                      2. The Adaptation Process
                                                                                                                        1. Climate Risk Assessment
                                                                                                                          1. Hazard Assessment
                                                                                                                            1. Climate Projections
                                                                                                                              1. Extreme Event Analysis
                                                                                                                                1. Uncertainty Characterization
                                                                                                                                2. Vulnerability Assessment
                                                                                                                                  1. Exposure Mapping
                                                                                                                                    1. Sensitivity Analysis
                                                                                                                                      1. Adaptive Capacity Evaluation
                                                                                                                                      2. Risk Characterization
                                                                                                                                        1. Risk Matrices
                                                                                                                                          1. Probabilistic Risk Assessment
                                                                                                                                            1. Multi-criteria Analysis
                                                                                                                                            2. Stakeholder Engagement
                                                                                                                                              1. Participatory Approaches
                                                                                                                                                1. Local Knowledge Integration
                                                                                                                                                  1. Community Consultation
                                                                                                                                                2. Adaptation Option Identification
                                                                                                                                                  1. Option Generation
                                                                                                                                                    1. Brainstorming Approaches
                                                                                                                                                      1. Best Practice Reviews
                                                                                                                                                        1. Innovation Processes
                                                                                                                                                        2. Option Categories
                                                                                                                                                          1. Technological Options
                                                                                                                                                            1. Engineering Solutions
                                                                                                                                                              1. Information Technologies
                                                                                                                                                              2. Institutional Options
                                                                                                                                                                1. Policy Measures
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Governance Changes
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Behavioral Options
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Individual Actions
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Community Practices
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Nature-Based Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Ecosystem Services
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Green Infrastructure
                                                                                                                                                                      3. Option Appraisal and Selection
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Evaluation Criteria
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Effectiveness
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Risk Reduction Potential
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Robustness Under Uncertainty
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Efficiency
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Cost-Effectiveness
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Benefit-Cost Ratios
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Equity
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Distributional Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Procedural Justice
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Feasibility
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Technical Feasibility
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Political Acceptability
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Financial Viability
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Appraisal Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cost-Benefit Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Real Options Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Portfolio Approaches
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Decision Support Tools
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Decision Trees
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Scenario Planning
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Robust Decision Making
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Implementation
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Implementation Planning
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Action Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Timeline Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Resource Allocation
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Institutional Arrangements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Governance Structures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Coordination Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Capacity Building
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Financing Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Public Funding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Private Investment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Blended Finance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Stakeholder Engagement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Implementation Partnerships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Community Participation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Capacity Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Monitoring and Evaluation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Monitoring Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Indicator Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Process Indicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Outcome Indicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Impact Indicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Data Collection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Monitoring Networks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Data Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Reporting Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Progress Reports
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Performance Dashboards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Evaluation Approaches
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Formative Evaluation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Summative Evaluation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Impact Evaluation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Adaptive Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Learning by Doing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Iterative Improvement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Course Correction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Adaptation Strategies and Measures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Structural and Physical Adaptation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Hard Infrastructure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Flood Defenses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Dikes and Levees
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Flood Barriers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Storm Surge Barriers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Water Infrastructure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Reservoirs and Dams
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Water Treatment Plants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Distribution Networks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Transportation Infrastructure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Climate-Resilient Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Elevated Structures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Drainage Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Building Standards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Climate-Proof Construction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Retrofitting Measures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Energy Efficiency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Soft Infrastructure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Early Warning Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Weather Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Forecasting Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Communication Networks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Information Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Climate Information Services
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Decision Support Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Knowledge Platforms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Institutional Adaptation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Policy and Regulatory Measures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Building Codes and Standards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Land Use Planning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Environmental Regulations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Insurance Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Governance Arrangements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Institutional Coordination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Multi-level Governance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Participatory Governance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Social Adaptation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Capacity Building
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Education and Training
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Skill Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Awareness Raising
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Social Protection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Safety Nets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Insurance Schemes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Emergency Assistance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Community-Based Adaptation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Local Adaptation Initiatives
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Traditional Knowledge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Social Networks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Ecosystem-Based Adaptation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Natural Infrastructure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Wetland Restoration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Forest Conservation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Coastal Ecosystem Protection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Biodiversity Conservation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Protected Areas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Corridor Creation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Species Conservation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Sustainable Resource Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Watershed Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Sustainable Agriculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Fisheries Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Adaptation Limits and Barriers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Types of Limits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Hard Limits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Biophysical Limits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Technological Limits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Financial Limits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Soft Limits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Social Limits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Cultural Limits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Institutional Limits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Barriers to Adaptation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Information and Awareness Barriers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Knowledge Gaps
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Information Access
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Risk Perception
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Financial and Economic Barriers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Funding Constraints
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cost-Benefit Uncertainties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Market Failures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Institutional and Governance Barriers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Institutional Capacity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Coordination Challenges
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Policy Fragmentation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Social and Cultural Barriers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Social Acceptance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Cultural Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Behavioral Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Technical and Physical Barriers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Technology Availability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Infrastructure Constraints
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Geographic Limitations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Overcoming Barriers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Capacity Building
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Institutional Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Financial Innovation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Technology Transfer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Social Learning

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Go to top

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              6. Sectoral Adaptation Strategies