Climate Change Science and Adaptation

  1. Sectoral Adaptation Strategies
    1. Water Resources Management
      1. Water Supply Adaptation
        1. Supply Augmentation
          1. Water Storage Enhancement
            1. Reservoir Expansion
              1. Groundwater Banking
              2. Alternative Water Sources
                1. Desalination
                  1. Water Recycling
                    1. Rainwater Harvesting
                    2. Inter-basin Water Transfer
                      1. Pipeline Systems
                        1. Canal Networks
                      2. Demand Management
                        1. Water Conservation
                          1. Efficiency Improvements
                            1. Leak Reduction
                              1. Smart Water Systems
                              2. Water Pricing
                                1. Tiered Pricing
                                  1. Scarcity Pricing
                                  2. Water Allocation
                                    1. Priority Systems
                                      1. Water Markets
                                  3. Flood Management
                                    1. Structural Measures
                                      1. Flood Control Infrastructure
                                        1. Dams and Reservoirs
                                          1. Levees and Floodwalls
                                            1. Channel Modifications
                                            2. Urban Drainage
                                              1. Storm Sewer Systems
                                                1. Retention Ponds
                                                  1. Permeable Surfaces
                                                2. Non-structural Measures
                                                  1. Floodplain Management
                                                    1. Zoning Regulations
                                                      1. Development Restrictions
                                                      2. Early Warning Systems
                                                        1. Flood Forecasting
                                                          1. Emergency Communication
                                                          2. Flood Insurance
                                                            1. Risk-Based Pricing
                                                              1. Coverage Expansion
                                                          3. Drought Management
                                                            1. Drought Preparedness
                                                              1. Drought Monitoring
                                                                1. Meteorological Indicators
                                                                  1. Hydrological Indicators
                                                                    1. Agricultural Indicators
                                                                    2. Drought Planning
                                                                      1. Response Triggers
                                                                        1. Action Plans
                                                                      2. Drought Response
                                                                        1. Water Restrictions
                                                                          1. Use Limitations
                                                                            1. Emergency Allocations
                                                                            2. Agricultural Support
                                                                              1. Crop Insurance
                                                                                1. Emergency Feed
                                                                            3. Water Quality Protection
                                                                              1. Source Water Protection
                                                                                1. Watershed Management
                                                                                  1. Pollution Prevention
                                                                                  2. Treatment Enhancement
                                                                                    1. Advanced Treatment Technologies
                                                                                      1. Disinfection Systems
                                                                                      2. Distribution System Protection
                                                                                        1. Infrastructure Upgrades
                                                                                          1. Water Quality Monitoring
                                                                                      3. Agriculture and Food Systems
                                                                                        1. Crop Production Adaptation
                                                                                          1. Crop Variety Development
                                                                                            1. Climate-Resilient Varieties
                                                                                              1. Drought-Tolerant Crops
                                                                                                1. Heat-Tolerant Crops
                                                                                                  1. Flood-Tolerant Crops
                                                                                                    1. Salt-Tolerant Crops
                                                                                                    2. Breeding Programs
                                                                                                      1. Traditional Breeding
                                                                                                        1. Marker-Assisted Selection
                                                                                                          1. Genetic Engineering
                                                                                                        2. Cropping System Changes
                                                                                                          1. Crop Rotation Modifications
                                                                                                            1. Intercropping Systems
                                                                                                              1. Agroforestry
                                                                                                                1. Cover Cropping
                                                                                                                2. Planting and Harvesting Adjustments
                                                                                                                  1. Seasonal Timing Changes
                                                                                                                    1. Multiple Cropping
                                                                                                                      1. Crop Calendar Optimization
                                                                                                                      2. Soil and Water Management
                                                                                                                        1. Conservation Agriculture
                                                                                                                          1. No-Till Farming
                                                                                                                            1. Reduced Tillage
                                                                                                                            2. Soil Health Improvement
                                                                                                                              1. Organic Matter Enhancement
                                                                                                                                1. Nutrient Management
                                                                                                                                2. Water Management
                                                                                                                                  1. Efficient Irrigation
                                                                                                                                    1. Drip Irrigation
                                                                                                                                      1. Precision Agriculture
                                                                                                                                  2. Livestock Adaptation
                                                                                                                                    1. Heat Stress Management
                                                                                                                                      1. Shelter and Shade
                                                                                                                                        1. Cooling Systems
                                                                                                                                          1. Breed Selection
                                                                                                                                          2. Feed and Nutrition
                                                                                                                                            1. Feed Quality Improvement
                                                                                                                                              1. Alternative Feed Sources
                                                                                                                                                1. Nutritional Supplements
                                                                                                                                                2. Disease Management
                                                                                                                                                  1. Vaccination Programs
                                                                                                                                                    1. Vector Control
                                                                                                                                                      1. Health Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                      2. Grazing Management
                                                                                                                                                        1. Rotational Grazing
                                                                                                                                                          1. Pasture Improvement
                                                                                                                                                            1. Rangeland Management
                                                                                                                                                          2. Fisheries and Aquaculture
                                                                                                                                                            1. Marine Fisheries Adaptation
                                                                                                                                                              1. Fleet Mobility
                                                                                                                                                                1. Gear Modifications
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Stock Assessment Updates
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Aquaculture Adaptation
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Site Selection
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Species Diversification
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Water Quality Management
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Inland Fisheries
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Habitat Restoration
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Fish Passage
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Stock Enhancement
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Food System Resilience
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Supply Chain Adaptation
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Diversification
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Local Food Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Storage and Processing
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Market Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Price Stabilization
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Emergency Reserves
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Trade Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Nutrition Security
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Dietary Diversification
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Micronutrient Fortification
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Food Safety
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Coastal Zone Management
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Coastal Protection
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Hard Protection Measures
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Seawalls and Revetments
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Design Standards
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Material Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Breakwaters and Groins
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Wave Energy Reduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Sediment Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Storm Surge Barriers
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Movable Barriers
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Fixed Barriers
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Soft Protection Measures
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Beach Nourishment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Sand Replenishment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Dune Construction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Living Shorelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Oyster Reefs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Salt Marsh Restoration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Coastal Vegetation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Mangrove Restoration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Dune Vegetation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      3. Coastal Management Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Accommodation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Flood-Proofing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Elevated Structures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Waterproof Construction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Early Warning Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Storm Surge Forecasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Evacuation Planning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Managed Retreat
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Planned Relocation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Community Relocation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Infrastructure Relocation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Land Use Planning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Setback Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Development Restrictions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Compensation Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Property Buyouts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Relocation Assistance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          3. Coastal Ecosystem Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Habitat Conservation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Protected Areas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Marine Reserves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Critical Habitat Designation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Ecosystem Restoration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Wetland Restoration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Coral Reef Restoration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Seagrass Restoration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Integrated Coastal Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Ecosystem-Based Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Stakeholder Participation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Adaptive Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Urban Adaptation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Urban Planning and Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Climate-Informed Planning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Risk Assessment Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Vulnerability Mapping
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Future Climate Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Green Infrastructure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Urban Forests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Tree Planting Programs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Urban Canopy Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Green Roofs and Walls
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Extensive Green Roofs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Intensive Green Roofs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Vertical Gardens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Parks and Open Spaces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Urban Parks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Greenways and Corridors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Community Gardens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Blue Infrastructure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Urban Water Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Stormwater Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Water Retention Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Sustainable Drainage Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Bioswales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Rain Gardens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Permeable Pavements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Building Adaptation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Building Design Standards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Climate-Resilient Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Energy Efficiency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Passive Cooling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Retrofitting Existing Buildings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Insulation Improvements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Window Upgrades
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. HVAC System Modifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Building Codes and Standards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Updated Building Codes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Performance Standards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Certification Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Urban Infrastructure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Transportation Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Heat-Resistant Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Drainage Improvements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Service Redundancy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Energy Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Grid Resilience
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Distributed Generation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Energy Storage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Water and Wastewater Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. System Redundancy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Treatment Capacity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Distribution Resilience
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Heat Island Mitigation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Surface Modifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Cool Roofs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cool Pavements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Reflective Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Vegetation Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Urban Forestry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Green Corridors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Rooftop Gardens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Urban Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Building Orientation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Street Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Ventilation Corridors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Public Health Adaptation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Health System Strengthening
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Healthcare Infrastructure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Climate-Resilient Facilities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Emergency Capacity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Equipment and Supplies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Healthcare Workforce
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Training and Capacity Building
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Emergency Response Teams
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Community Health Workers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Health Information Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Disease Surveillance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Health Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Data Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Disease Prevention and Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Vector-Borne Disease Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Vector Surveillance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Vector Control Programs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Personal Protection Measures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Water-Borne Disease Prevention
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Water Quality Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Sanitation Improvements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Hygiene Education
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Food-Borne Disease Prevention
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Food Safety Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cold Chain Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Inspection Programs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Emergency Preparedness
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Early Warning Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Health Alert Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Extreme Weather Warnings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Disease Outbreak Alerts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Emergency Response Planning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Evacuation Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Emergency Medical Services
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Resource Stockpiling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Community Preparedness
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Public Education
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Community Response Teams
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Vulnerable Population Support
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Environmental Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Air Quality Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Pollution Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Emission Controls
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Public Health Advisories
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Heat Health Action Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Heat Warning Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Cooling Centers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Vulnerable Population Protection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Water Security
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Safe Water Access
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Water Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Emergency Water Supply
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Disaster Risk Reduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Risk Assessment and Mapping
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Hazard Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Multi-Hazard Mapping
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Probabilistic Risk Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Climate Change Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Vulnerability Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Social Vulnerability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Infrastructure Vulnerability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Economic Vulnerability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Risk Communication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Public Awareness
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Risk Visualization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Community Engagement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Early Warning Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Multi-Hazard Warning Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Integrated Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Forecasting Capabilities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Warning Dissemination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Community-Based Warning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Local Warning Networks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Traditional Knowledge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Community Participation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Warning System Effectiveness
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Response Protocols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Public Understanding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. System Reliability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Emergency Preparedness and Response
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Emergency Planning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Contingency Planning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Resource Planning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Coordination Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Emergency Response Capacity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. First Responder Training
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Equipment and Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Communication Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Evacuation and Shelter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Evacuation Planning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Shelter Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Vulnerable Population Support
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Recovery and Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Post-Disaster Recovery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Damage Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Recovery Planning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Build Back Better
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Reconstruction Standards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Resilient Construction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Land Use Planning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Infrastructure Upgrades
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Community Recovery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Livelihood Restoration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Social Recovery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Psychological Support

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              7. Governance, Policy, and Finance for Adaptation