Cancer Biology

  1. Cancer Treatment Principles
    1. Conventional Therapies
      1. Surgical Oncology
        1. Principles of Cancer Surgery
          1. Complete Resection
            1. Adequate Margins
              1. Lymph Node Assessment
              2. Types of Surgical Procedures
                1. Curative Surgery
                  1. Palliative Surgery
                    1. Reconstructive Surgery
                      1. Preventive Surgery
                      2. Minimally Invasive Techniques
                        1. Laparoscopic Surgery
                          1. Robotic Surgery
                            1. Endoscopic Procedures
                            2. Surgical Complications
                              1. Immediate Complications
                                1. Long-term Sequelae
                              2. Chemotherapy
                                1. Mechanisms of Action
                                  1. DNA Damage Induction
                                    1. Alkylation
                                      1. Crosslinking
                                        1. Strand Breaks
                                        2. Antimetabolite Effects
                                          1. Nucleotide Synthesis Inhibition
                                            1. DNA Synthesis Disruption
                                            2. Mitotic Inhibition
                                              1. Microtubule Disruption
                                                1. Spindle Formation Interference
                                                2. Topoisomerase Inhibition
                                                  1. DNA Unwinding Disruption
                                                    1. Replication Fork Collapse
                                                  2. Drug Classifications
                                                    1. Alkylating Agents
                                                      1. Nitrogen Mustards
                                                        1. Nitrosoureas
                                                          1. Platinum Compounds
                                                          2. Antimetabolites
                                                            1. Folate Antagonists
                                                              1. Purine Analogs
                                                                1. Pyrimidine Analogs
                                                                2. Antitumor Antibiotics
                                                                  1. Anthracyclines
                                                                    1. Bleomycin
                                                                      1. Mitomycin C
                                                                      2. Plant Alkaloids
                                                                        1. Vinca Alkaloids
                                                                          1. Taxanes
                                                                            1. Podophyllotoxins
                                                                            2. Topoisomerase Inhibitors
                                                                              1. Type I Inhibitors
                                                                                1. Type II Inhibitors
                                                                              2. Administration Routes
                                                                                1. Intravenous
                                                                                  1. Oral
                                                                                    1. Intrathecal
                                                                                      1. Intraperitoneal
                                                                                      2. Combination Chemotherapy
                                                                                        1. Synergistic Effects
                                                                                          1. Non-overlapping Toxicities
                                                                                            1. Resistance Prevention
                                                                                            2. Toxicity Management
                                                                                              1. Acute Toxicities
                                                                                                1. Nausea and Vomiting
                                                                                                  1. Myelosuppression
                                                                                                    1. Mucositis
                                                                                                    2. Chronic Toxicities
                                                                                                      1. Cardiotoxicity
                                                                                                        1. Neurotoxicity
                                                                                                          1. Secondary Malignancies
                                                                                                      2. Radiation Therapy
                                                                                                        1. Biological Effects
                                                                                                          1. Direct DNA Damage
                                                                                                            1. Indirect DNA Damage
                                                                                                              1. Oxygen Enhancement Ratio
                                                                                                                1. Relative Biological Effectiveness
                                                                                                                2. Types of Radiation
                                                                                                                  1. External Beam Radiation
                                                                                                                    1. Photon Beams
                                                                                                                      1. Electron Beams
                                                                                                                        1. Proton Beams
                                                                                                                          1. Heavy Ion Beams
                                                                                                                          2. Internal Radiation
                                                                                                                            1. Brachytherapy
                                                                                                                              1. Radiopharmaceuticals
                                                                                                                            2. Treatment Planning
                                                                                                                              1. Target Volume Definition
                                                                                                                                1. Dose Distribution
                                                                                                                                  1. Normal Tissue Constraints
                                                                                                                                  2. Fractionation Schemes
                                                                                                                                    1. Conventional Fractionation
                                                                                                                                      1. Hypofractionation
                                                                                                                                        1. Hyperfractionation
                                                                                                                                          1. Stereotactic Radiosurgery
                                                                                                                                          2. Radiation Toxicity
                                                                                                                                            1. Acute Effects
                                                                                                                                              1. Skin Reactions
                                                                                                                                                1. Mucositis
                                                                                                                                                  1. Fatigue
                                                                                                                                                  2. Late Effects
                                                                                                                                                    1. Fibrosis
                                                                                                                                                      1. Secondary Cancers
                                                                                                                                                        1. Organ Dysfunction
                                                                                                                                                  3. Targeted Therapy
                                                                                                                                                    1. Small Molecule Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                      1. Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                        1. EGFR Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                          1. BCR-ABL Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                            1. VEGFR Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                              1. Multi-kinase Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                              2. Serine/Threonine Kinase Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                1. mTOR Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                  1. CDK4/6 Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                    1. MEK Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Other Enzyme Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                      1. PARP Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Proteasome Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Monoclonal Antibodies
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Mechanisms of Action
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Receptor Blockade
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Complement-Dependent Cytotoxicity
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Signal Transduction Interference
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Antibody Types
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Naked Antibodies
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Antibody-Drug Conjugates
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Bispecific Antibodies
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Clinical Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Growth Factor Receptor Targeting
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Angiogenesis Inhibition
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Immune System Modulation
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Resistance Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Primary Resistance
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Target Absence
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Pathway Redundancy
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Compensatory Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Acquired Resistance
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Target Mutations
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Pathway Reactivation
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Alternative Pathway Activation
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Drug Efflux
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Immunotherapy
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Immune Checkpoint Blockade
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. CTLA-4 Inhibition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Mechanism of Action
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Clinical Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Pathway Biology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Therapeutic Antibodies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Combination Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Other Checkpoint Targets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. LAG-3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. TIM-3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. TIGIT
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Adoptive Cell Transfer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. TIL Isolation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Ex Vivo Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Reinfusion Protocols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. CAR-T Cell Therapy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. CAR Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. T Cell Engineering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Manufacturing Process
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Cytokine Release Syndrome
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. TCR-Engineered T Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. TCR Identification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. T Cell Modification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. HLA Restriction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Cancer Vaccines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Preventive Vaccines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. HPV Vaccines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Hepatitis B Vaccines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Therapeutic Vaccines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Peptide Vaccines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Dendritic Cell Vaccines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Viral Vector Vaccines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. DNA Vaccines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Cytokine Therapy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Interleukin-2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. High-Dose IL-2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Low-Dose IL-2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Interferons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Interferon-α
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Pegylated Interferons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Immune System Modulators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Immunomodulatory Drugs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Thalidomide Analogs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Checkpoint Agonists
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Monoclonal Antibodies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. CD20 Targeting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. CD52 Targeting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          3. Hormone Therapy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Mechanisms of Action
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Hormone Receptor Blockade
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Hormone Production Inhibition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Hormone Degradation Enhancement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Breast Cancer Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Tamoxifen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Raloxifene
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Selective Estrogen Receptor Degraders
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Fulvestrant
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Aromatase Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Anastrozole
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Letrozole
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Exemestane
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Prostate Cancer Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Androgen Receptor Antagonists
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Flutamide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Bicalutamide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Enzalutamide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. GnRH Agonists
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Leuprolide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Goserelin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. CYP17 Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Abiraterone
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Anti-Angiogenic Therapy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. VEGF Pathway Inhibition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Anti-VEGF Antibodies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Bevacizumab
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. VEGFR Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Sunitinib
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Sorafenib
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Pazopanib
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Other Anti-Angiogenic Targets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Angiopoietin Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. PDGFR Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. FGF Pathway Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Resistance Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Alternative Angiogenic Pathways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Vessel Co-option
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Increased Pericyte Coverage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Combination Therapies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Rationale for Combinations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Synergistic Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Resistance Prevention
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Toxicity Reduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Types of Combinations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Chemotherapy Combinations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Targeted Therapy Combinations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Immunotherapy Combinations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Multimodal Approaches
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Sequencing Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Concurrent Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Sequential Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Maintenance Therapy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Drug Resistance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Mechanisms of Resistance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Pharmacokinetic Resistance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Drug Absorption
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Drug Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Drug Metabolism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Drug Excretion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Pharmacodynamic Resistance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Target Alterations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Pathway Modifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Cell Death Evasion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Tumor Microenvironment Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Hypoxia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. pH Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Drug Penetration Barriers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Strategies to Overcome Resistance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Combination Therapies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Drug Sequencing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Resistance Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Novel Drug Development

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          9. Cancer Prevention and Control