Cancer Biology

  1. Tumor Microenvironment
    1. Cellular Components
      1. Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts
        1. Origins and Activation
          1. Resident Fibroblast Activation
            1. Bone Marrow-Derived Precursors
              1. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
              2. Functions
                1. ECM Remodeling
                  1. Growth Factor Secretion
                    1. Metabolic Support
                    2. Heterogeneity
                      1. Myofibroblastic CAFs
                        1. Inflammatory CAFs
                          1. Antigen-Presenting CAFs
                        2. Endothelial Cells
                          1. Tumor Angiogenesis
                            1. Sprouting Angiogenesis
                              1. Intussusceptive Angiogenesis
                              2. Vascular Abnormalities
                                1. Structural Defects
                                  1. Functional Impairment
                                  2. Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
                                  3. Pericytes
                                    1. Vessel Stabilization
                                      1. Blood Flow Regulation
                                        1. Pericyte Coverage Defects
                                        2. Immune Cell Populations
                                          1. Tumor-Associated Macrophages
                                            1. M1 Polarization
                                              1. M2 Polarization
                                                1. Phagocytosis Functions
                                                  1. Cytokine Production
                                                  2. T Lymphocytes
                                                    1. CD8+ Cytotoxic T Cells
                                                      1. CD4+ Helper T Cells
                                                        1. Regulatory T Cells
                                                          1. Exhausted T Cells
                                                          2. B Lymphocytes
                                                            1. Antibody Production
                                                              1. Antigen Presentation
                                                                1. Regulatory B Cells
                                                                2. Natural Killer Cells
                                                                  1. Cytotoxic Functions
                                                                    1. Cytokine Production
                                                                      1. NK Cell Exhaustion
                                                                      2. Dendritic Cells
                                                                        1. Antigen Presentation
                                                                          1. T Cell Activation
                                                                            1. Tolerogenic DCs
                                                                            2. Neutrophils
                                                                              1. Tumor-Associated Neutrophils
                                                                                1. N1/N2 Polarization
                                                                                  1. NET Formation
                                                                                  2. Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells
                                                                                    1. Granulocytic MDSCs
                                                                                      1. Monocytic MDSCs
                                                                                        1. Immunosuppressive Functions
                                                                                    2. Non-Cellular Components
                                                                                      1. Extracellular Matrix
                                                                                        1. ECM Composition
                                                                                          1. Collagen Types
                                                                                            1. Fibronectin
                                                                                              1. Laminin
                                                                                                1. Proteoglycans
                                                                                                2. ECM Remodeling
                                                                                                  1. Matrix Stiffness
                                                                                                    1. Fiber Alignment
                                                                                                      1. Crosslinking
                                                                                                      2. ECM Signaling
                                                                                                        1. Integrin-Mediated Signaling
                                                                                                          1. Growth Factor Sequestration
                                                                                                        2. Soluble Factors
                                                                                                          1. Growth Factors
                                                                                                            1. TGF-β
                                                                                                              1. PDGF
                                                                                                                1. IGF
                                                                                                                2. Cytokines
                                                                                                                  1. Pro-inflammatory Cytokines
                                                                                                                    1. Anti-inflammatory Cytokines
                                                                                                                    2. Chemokines
                                                                                                                      1. Immune Cell Recruitment
                                                                                                                        1. Angiogenesis Regulation
                                                                                                                      2. Interstitial Fluid
                                                                                                                        1. Elevated Interstitial Pressure
                                                                                                                          1. Impaired Drug Delivery
                                                                                                                            1. Lymphatic Dysfunction
                                                                                                                          2. Tumor-Immune Interactions
                                                                                                                            1. Cancer-Immunity Cycle
                                                                                                                              1. Antigen Release
                                                                                                                                1. Tumor Cell Death
                                                                                                                                  1. Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns
                                                                                                                                  2. Antigen Presentation
                                                                                                                                    1. Dendritic Cell Uptake
                                                                                                                                      1. MHC Presentation
                                                                                                                                      2. T Cell Priming
                                                                                                                                        1. Lymph Node Activation
                                                                                                                                          1. Costimulatory Signals
                                                                                                                                          2. T Cell Trafficking
                                                                                                                                            1. Chemokine Gradients
                                                                                                                                              1. Adhesion Molecules
                                                                                                                                              2. Tumor Infiltration
                                                                                                                                                1. Vascular Extravasation
                                                                                                                                                  1. Tissue Migration
                                                                                                                                                  2. Target Recognition
                                                                                                                                                    1. TCR-MHC Interaction
                                                                                                                                                      1. Immune Synapse Formation
                                                                                                                                                      2. Tumor Cell Killing
                                                                                                                                                        1. Cytotoxic Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                          1. Apoptosis Induction
                                                                                                                                                        2. Immune Evasion Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                          1. Antigen Loss
                                                                                                                                                            1. HLA Loss of Heterozygosity
                                                                                                                                                              1. Antigen Processing Defects
                                                                                                                                                              2. Immune Checkpoint Activation
                                                                                                                                                                1. PD-L1 Expression
                                                                                                                                                                  1. CTLA-4 Ligands
                                                                                                                                                                    1. LAG-3
                                                                                                                                                                      1. TIM-3
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Immunosuppressive Cytokines
                                                                                                                                                                        1. TGF-β Signaling
                                                                                                                                                                          1. IL-10 Effects
                                                                                                                                                                            1. VEGF Immunosuppression
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Metabolic Immunosuppression
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Tryptophan Depletion
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Adenosine Accumulation
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Lactate Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Physical Barriers
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Dense Stroma
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Abnormal Vasculature
                                                                                                                                                                                  3. Hypoxia in Tumors
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Hypoxia-Inducible Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. HIF-1α
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Oxygen Sensing
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Transcriptional Activation
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. HIF-2α
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Tissue-Specific Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Stem Cell Maintenance
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. HIF Target Genes
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Glycolytic Enzymes
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Angiogenic Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. pH Regulators
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Consequences of Hypoxia
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Metabolic Reprogramming
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Glycolysis Enhancement
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Mitochondrial Adaptation
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Angiogenesis Stimulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. VEGF Upregulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Vessel Sprouting
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Invasion Promotion
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. EMT Induction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Matrix Remodeling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Therapy Resistance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Radiation Resistance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Chemotherapy Resistance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Immune Evasion

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                4. The Hallmarks of Cancer

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                6. Invasion and Metastasis