Cancer Biology

  1. The Molecular and Cellular Basis of Cancer
    1. The Normal Cell Cycle
      1. Phases of the Cell Cycle
        1. G1 Phase
          1. Cell Growth and Preparation
            1. Organelle Duplication
              1. Protein Synthesis
              2. S Phase
                1. DNA Replication
                  1. Histone Synthesis
                    1. Centrosome Duplication
                    2. G2 Phase
                      1. Continued Cell Growth
                        1. Protein Synthesis for Mitosis
                          1. DNA Damage Checkpoint
                          2. M Phase
                            1. Prophase
                              1. Metaphase
                                1. Anaphase
                                  1. Telophase
                                    1. Cytokinesis
                                    2. G0 Phase
                                      1. Quiescent State
                                        1. Differentiated Cell Functions
                                      2. Cell Cycle Checkpoints
                                        1. G1/S Checkpoint
                                          1. DNA Damage Detection
                                            1. p53 Pathway Activation
                                              1. Growth Factor Requirements
                                              2. Intra-S Phase Checkpoint
                                                1. Replication Fork Monitoring
                                                  1. ATR Kinase Activation
                                                  2. G2/M Checkpoint
                                                    1. DNA Damage Assessment
                                                      1. DNA Replication Completion
                                                      2. Spindle Assembly Checkpoint
                                                        1. Chromosome Attachment Monitoring
                                                          1. APC/C Regulation
                                                        2. Key Regulators
                                                          1. Cyclins
                                                            1. Cyclin D
                                                              1. G1 Phase Regulation
                                                                1. Growth Factor Response
                                                                2. Cyclin E
                                                                  1. G1/S Transition
                                                                    1. S Phase Entry
                                                                    2. Cyclin A
                                                                      1. S Phase Progression
                                                                        1. G2/M Transition
                                                                        2. Cyclin B
                                                                          1. M Phase Entry
                                                                            1. Mitotic Progression
                                                                          2. Cyclin-Dependent Kinases
                                                                            1. CDK4/6
                                                                              1. CDK2
                                                                                1. CDK1
                                                                                2. CDK Inhibitors
                                                                                  1. INK4 Family
                                                                                    1. p16INK4a
                                                                                      1. p15INK4b
                                                                                        1. p18INK4c
                                                                                          1. p19INK4d
                                                                                          2. CIP/KIP Family
                                                                                            1. p21CIP1
                                                                                              1. p27KIP1
                                                                                                1. p57KIP2
                                                                                          3. Programmed Cell Death
                                                                                            1. Apoptosis
                                                                                              1. Intrinsic Pathway
                                                                                                1. Mitochondrial Membrane Permeabilization
                                                                                                  1. Cytochrome c Release
                                                                                                    1. Apoptosome Formation
                                                                                                      1. Caspase-9 Activation
                                                                                                      2. Extrinsic Pathway
                                                                                                        1. Death Receptor Activation
                                                                                                          1. Fas Receptor
                                                                                                            1. TRAIL Receptors
                                                                                                              1. TNF Receptor
                                                                                                              2. Death-Inducing Signaling Complex Formation
                                                                                                                1. Caspase-8 Activation
                                                                                                                2. Caspase Cascade
                                                                                                                  1. Initiator Caspases
                                                                                                                    1. Caspase-8
                                                                                                                      1. Caspase-9
                                                                                                                        1. Caspase-10
                                                                                                                        2. Executioner Caspases
                                                                                                                          1. Caspase-3
                                                                                                                            1. Caspase-6
                                                                                                                              1. Caspase-7
                                                                                                                            2. BCL-2 Family Regulation
                                                                                                                              1. Pro-apoptotic Members
                                                                                                                                1. BAX
                                                                                                                                  1. BAK
                                                                                                                                    1. BID
                                                                                                                                      1. BIM
                                                                                                                                      2. Anti-apoptotic Members
                                                                                                                                        1. BCL-2
                                                                                                                                          1. BCL-XL
                                                                                                                                            1. MCL-1
                                                                                                                                        2. Autophagy
                                                                                                                                          1. Macroautophagy
                                                                                                                                            1. Microautophagy
                                                                                                                                              1. Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy
                                                                                                                                              2. Necroptosis
                                                                                                                                                1. RIPK1/RIPK3 Complex
                                                                                                                                                  1. MLKL Activation
                                                                                                                                                  2. Pyroptosis
                                                                                                                                                    1. Inflammasome Activation
                                                                                                                                                      1. Gasdermin Cleavage
                                                                                                                                                    2. Cellular Senescence
                                                                                                                                                      1. Mechanisms of Senescence Induction
                                                                                                                                                        1. Telomere Shortening
                                                                                                                                                          1. DNA Damage Response
                                                                                                                                                            1. Oncogene-Induced Senescence
                                                                                                                                                              1. Oxidative Stress
                                                                                                                                                              2. Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype
                                                                                                                                                                1. Inflammatory Cytokines
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Growth Factors
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Proteases
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Role in Tumor Suppression
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Growth Arrest Function
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Immune Surveillance Enhancement
                                                                                                                                                                      2. DNA Damage and Repair Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Types of DNA Damage
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Single-Strand Breaks
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Spontaneous Hydrolysis
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Oxidative Damage
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Double-Strand Breaks
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Ionizing Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Replication Fork Collapse
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Base Modifications
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Alkylation
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Oxidation
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Deamination
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. DNA Repair Pathways
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Mismatch Repair
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. MSH2/MSH6 Complex
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. MLH1/PMS2 Complex
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Excision and Resynthesis
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Base Excision Repair
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. DNA Glycosylases
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. AP Endonucleases
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. DNA Polymerase β
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Nucleotide Excision Repair
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Global Genome Repair
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Transcription-Coupled Repair
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. XP Proteins
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Homologous Recombination
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. BRCA1/BRCA2 Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. RAD51 Filament Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Holiday Junction Resolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Non-Homologous End Joining
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Ku Protein Complex
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. DNA-PKcs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Ligase IV Complex
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. DNA Damage Response
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. ATM Kinase Activation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. ATR Kinase Activation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. p53 Pathway Activation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Cell Cycle Checkpoint Activation

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                        3. The Genetic and Epigenetic Landscape of Cancer