Cancer Biology

  1. The Genetic and Epigenetic Landscape of Cancer
    1. Oncogenes
      1. Proto-oncogenes
        1. Normal Cellular Functions
          1. Growth Factor Signaling
            1. Cell Cycle Regulation
              1. Transcriptional Control
              2. Regulation Mechanisms
                1. Transcriptional Control
                  1. Post-translational Modification
                    1. Protein Degradation
                  2. Mechanisms of Oncogene Activation
                    1. Point Mutations
                      1. Activating Mutations
                        1. Hotspot Mutations
                        2. Gene Amplification
                          1. Chromosomal Amplification
                            1. Extrachromosomal Amplification
                            2. Chromosomal Translocations
                              1. Fusion Proteins
                                1. Regulatory Sequence Alterations
                                2. Insertional Mutagenesis
                                  1. Viral Integration
                                    1. Transposon Insertion
                                  2. Major Oncogene Families
                                    1. RAS Family
                                      1. KRAS
                                        1. NRAS
                                          1. HRAS
                                            1. GTPase Activity
                                            2. MYC Family
                                              1. c-MYC
                                                1. N-MYC
                                                  1. L-MYC
                                                    1. Transcriptional Regulation
                                                    2. Growth Factor Receptors
                                                      1. EGFR
                                                        1. HER2
                                                          1. PDGFR
                                                            1. Signal Transduction
                                                            2. Transcription Factors
                                                              1. JUN
                                                                1. FOS
                                                                  1. E2F
                                                              2. Tumor Suppressor Genes
                                                                1. Functional Classification
                                                                  1. Gatekeepers
                                                                    1. Cell Cycle Control
                                                                      1. Apoptosis Regulation
                                                                      2. Caretakers
                                                                        1. DNA Repair
                                                                          1. Genomic Stability
                                                                          2. Landscapers
                                                                            1. Microenvironment Control
                                                                          3. Mechanisms of Inactivation
                                                                            1. Loss-of-Function Mutations
                                                                              1. Nonsense Mutations
                                                                                1. Frameshift Mutations
                                                                                  1. Splice Site Mutations
                                                                                  2. Chromosomal Deletions
                                                                                    1. Loss of Heterozygosity
                                                                                      1. Homozygous Deletions
                                                                                      2. Epigenetic Silencing
                                                                                        1. Promoter Hypermethylation
                                                                                          1. Histone Modifications
                                                                                          2. Dominant Negative Effects
                                                                                            1. Mutant Protein Interference
                                                                                          3. Knudson's Two-Hit Hypothesis
                                                                                            1. First Hit Mechanisms
                                                                                              1. Second Hit Mechanisms
                                                                                                1. Haploinsufficiency Exceptions
                                                                                                2. Major Tumor Suppressors
                                                                                                  1. TP53
                                                                                                    1. DNA Damage Response
                                                                                                      1. Cell Cycle Arrest
                                                                                                        1. Apoptosis Induction
                                                                                                          1. Guardian of the Genome
                                                                                                          2. RB1
                                                                                                            1. G1/S Checkpoint Control
                                                                                                              1. E2F Regulation
                                                                                                                1. Cell Cycle Exit
                                                                                                                2. BRCA1
                                                                                                                  1. Homologous Recombination
                                                                                                                    1. DNA Damage Checkpoint
                                                                                                                      1. Transcriptional Regulation
                                                                                                                      2. BRCA2
                                                                                                                        1. RAD51 Regulation
                                                                                                                          1. Homologous Recombination
                                                                                                                            1. Replication Fork Protection
                                                                                                                            2. APC
                                                                                                                              1. Wnt Signaling Regulation
                                                                                                                                1. β-catenin Degradation
                                                                                                                                  1. Cell Adhesion
                                                                                                                                  2. PTEN
                                                                                                                                    1. PI3K/AKT Pathway Inhibition
                                                                                                                                      1. Phosphatase Activity
                                                                                                                                  3. Cancer Genomics
                                                                                                                                    1. Mutation Types
                                                                                                                                      1. Somatic Mutations
                                                                                                                                        1. Acquired During Lifetime
                                                                                                                                          1. Tumor-Specific Changes
                                                                                                                                          2. Germline Mutations
                                                                                                                                            1. Inherited Predisposition
                                                                                                                                              1. Constitutional Changes
                                                                                                                                            2. Functional Classification
                                                                                                                                              1. Driver Mutations
                                                                                                                                                1. Oncogenic Advantage
                                                                                                                                                  1. Clonal Selection
                                                                                                                                                  2. Passenger Mutations
                                                                                                                                                    1. Neutral Changes
                                                                                                                                                      1. Clonal Hitchhiking
                                                                                                                                                    2. Genomic Instability
                                                                                                                                                      1. Chromosomal Instability
                                                                                                                                                        1. Aneuploidy
                                                                                                                                                          1. Structural Aberrations
                                                                                                                                                          2. Microsatellite Instability
                                                                                                                                                            1. Mismatch Repair Deficiency
                                                                                                                                                              1. Hypermutation Phenotype
                                                                                                                                                              2. CpG Island Methylator Phenotype
                                                                                                                                                                1. Widespread Hypermethylation
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Tumor Suppressor Silencing
                                                                                                                                                                2. Chromosomal Abnormalities
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Numerical Aberrations
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Aneuploidy
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Polyploidy
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Structural Aberrations
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Translocations
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Deletions
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Duplications
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Inversions
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Chromothripsis
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Cancer Epigenetics
                                                                                                                                                                              1. DNA Methylation
                                                                                                                                                                                1. CpG Island Hypermethylation
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Tumor Suppressor Silencing
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Promoter Methylation
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Global Hypomethylation
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Chromosomal Instability
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Oncogene Activation
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. DNA Methyltransferases
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. DNMT1
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. DNMT3A
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. DNMT3B
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Histone Modifications
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Histone Acetylation
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Transcriptional Activation
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Histone Acetyltransferases
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Histone Deacetylases
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Histone Methylation
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Activating Marks
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Repressive Marks
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Histone Methyltransferases
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Histone Demethylases
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Histone Phosphorylation
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cell Cycle Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. DNA Damage Response
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Chromatin Remodeling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. SWI/SNF Complex
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. ISWI Complex
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. CHD Complex
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Non-coding RNAs in Cancer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. microRNAs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Biogenesis Pathway
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Target Recognition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. OncomiRs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Tumor Suppressor miRNAs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Long Non-coding RNAs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Transcriptional Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Chromatin Modification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Post-transcriptional Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Circular RNAs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. miRNA Sponging
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Protein Interactions

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. The Molecular and Cellular Basis of Cancer

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  4. The Hallmarks of Cancer