Cancer Biology

  1. Invasion and Metastasis
    1. The Metastatic Cascade
      1. Local Invasion
        1. Cell-Cell Adhesion Loss
          1. E-cadherin Downregulation
            1. Adherens Junction Disruption
            2. Cell-Matrix Adhesion Changes
              1. Integrin Switching
                1. Focal Adhesion Remodeling
                2. Basement Membrane Degradation
                  1. Type IV Collagen Breakdown
                    1. Laminin Degradation
                    2. Stromal Invasion
                      1. Fibroblast Interaction
                        1. ECM Navigation
                      2. Intravasation
                        1. Vascular Invasion
                          1. Endothelial Barrier Disruption
                            1. Transendothelial Migration
                            2. Lymphatic Invasion
                              1. Lymphatic Vessel Entry
                                1. Lymph Node Metastasis
                                2. Tumor Cell-Platelet Interactions
                                  1. Platelet Aggregation
                                    1. Coagulation Cascade
                                  2. Survival in Circulation
                                    1. Circulating Tumor Cells
                                      1. Single Cell Survival
                                        1. Tumor Cell Clusters
                                        2. Immune Evasion
                                          1. NK Cell Resistance
                                            1. Complement Evasion
                                            2. Mechanical Stress Resistance
                                              1. Shear Force Survival
                                                1. Deformability
                                              2. Extravasation
                                                1. Vascular Arrest
                                                  1. Size-Based Trapping
                                                    1. Adhesion-Mediated Arrest
                                                    2. Endothelial Adhesion
                                                      1. Selectin-Mediated Rolling
                                                        1. Integrin-Mediated Adhesion
                                                        2. Transendothelial Migration
                                                          1. Paracellular Route
                                                            1. Transcellular Route
                                                          2. Colonization
                                                            1. Micrometastasis Formation
                                                              1. Single Cell Seeding
                                                                1. Dormancy Mechanisms
                                                                2. Dormancy Escape
                                                                  1. Angiogenic Switch
                                                                    1. Immune Evasion
                                                                      1. Stromal Activation
                                                                      2. Macrometastasis Growth
                                                                        1. Proliferation Resumption
                                                                          1. Vascularization
                                                                            1. Stromal Recruitment
                                                                        2. Molecular Mechanisms
                                                                          1. Cell Adhesion Molecules
                                                                            1. Cadherins
                                                                              1. E-cadherin Loss
                                                                                1. N-cadherin Gain
                                                                                  1. Cadherin Switching
                                                                                  2. Integrins
                                                                                    1. α6β4 Integrin
                                                                                      1. αvβ3 Integrin
                                                                                        1. Integrin Signaling
                                                                                        2. Selectins
                                                                                          1. E-selectin
                                                                                            1. P-selectin
                                                                                              1. L-selectin
                                                                                              2. Immunoglobulin Superfamily
                                                                                                1. ICAM-1
                                                                                                  1. VCAM-1
                                                                                                    1. PECAM-1
                                                                                                  2. Proteolytic Enzymes
                                                                                                    1. Matrix Metalloproteinases
                                                                                                      1. MMP-2 (Gelatinase A)
                                                                                                        1. MMP-9 (Gelatinase B)
                                                                                                          1. MMP-14 (MT1-MMP)
                                                                                                            1. MMP Regulation
                                                                                                            2. Serine Proteases
                                                                                                              1. Urokinase Plasminogen Activator
                                                                                                                1. Tissue Plasminogen Activator
                                                                                                                  1. Plasmin Generation
                                                                                                                  2. Cysteine Proteases
                                                                                                                    1. Cathepsins
                                                                                                                      1. Calpains
                                                                                                                      2. ADAM Proteases
                                                                                                                        1. ADAM10
                                                                                                                          1. ADAM17
                                                                                                                        2. Motility Machinery
                                                                                                                          1. Actin Cytoskeleton
                                                                                                                            1. Actin Polymerization
                                                                                                                              1. Myosin Contractility
                                                                                                                                1. Stress Fiber Formation
                                                                                                                                2. Rho GTPases
                                                                                                                                  1. RhoA
                                                                                                                                    1. Rac1
                                                                                                                                      1. Cdc42
                                                                                                                                      2. Focal Adhesions
                                                                                                                                        1. Integrin Clustering
                                                                                                                                          1. Signaling Complexes
                                                                                                                                            1. Turnover Dynamics
                                                                                                                                        2. Organ Tropism
                                                                                                                                          1. Seed and Soil Hypothesis
                                                                                                                                            1. Tumor Cell Properties (Seed)
                                                                                                                                              1. Intrinsic Metastatic Potential
                                                                                                                                                1. Organ-Specific Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                2. Organ Microenvironment (Soil)
                                                                                                                                                  1. Tissue-Specific Factors
                                                                                                                                                    1. Vascular Architecture
                                                                                                                                                      1. Immune Environment
                                                                                                                                                    2. Mechanisms of Organ Selectivity
                                                                                                                                                      1. Vascular Patterns
                                                                                                                                                        1. Blood Flow Distribution
                                                                                                                                                          1. Capillary Bed Structure
                                                                                                                                                          2. Molecular Interactions
                                                                                                                                                            1. Chemokine Gradients
                                                                                                                                                              1. Adhesion Molecule Expression
                                                                                                                                                              2. Growth Factor Availability
                                                                                                                                                                1. Organ-Specific Growth Factors
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Stromal Support
                                                                                                                                                                2. Common Metastatic Sites
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Bone Metastasis
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Osteoblastic Lesions
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Osteolytic Lesions
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Bone Microenvironment
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Liver Metastasis
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Portal Circulation
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Hepatic Stellate Cells
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Sinusoidal Structure
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Lung Metastasis
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Pulmonary Circulation
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Alveolar Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Pneumocyte Interactions
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Brain Metastasis
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Blood-Brain Barrier
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Neuronal Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Glial Cell Interactions
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Pre-Metastatic Niche
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Niche Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Primary Tumor Signals
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Secreted Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Extracellular Vesicles
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Systemic Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Inflammatory Response
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Coagulation Activation
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Bone Marrow-Derived Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Mesenchymal Stem Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Niche Components
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Fibronectin Deposition
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. VEGFR1+ Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Inflammatory Proteins
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Niche Activation
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Hypoxia Signaling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Inflammatory Cytokines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Growth Factor Gradients

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                                                                                                                                                                                                              5. Tumor Microenvironment

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                                                                                                                                                                                                              7. Cancer Diagnosis and Staging