Wozencraft ensemble
In coding theory, the Wozencraft ensemble is a set of linear codes in which most of codes satisfy the Gilbert-Varshamov bound. It is named after John Wozencraft, who proved its existence. The ensemble
Polar code (coding theory)
In information theory, a polar code is a linear block error-correcting code. The code construction is based on a multiple recursive concatenation of a short kernel code which transforms the physical c
Majority logic decoding
In error detection and correction, majority logic decoding is a method to decode repetition codes, based on the assumption that the largest number of occurrences of a symbol was the transmitted symbol
Hagelbarger code
In telecommunication, a Hagelbarger code is a convolutional code that enables error bursts to be corrected provided that there are relatively long error-free intervals between the error bursts. In the
Luhn algorithm
The Luhn algorithm or Luhn formula, also known as the "modulus 10" or "mod 10" algorithm, named after its creator, IBM scientist Hans Peter Luhn, is a simple checksum formula used to validate a variet
Forney algorithm
In coding theory, the Forney algorithm (or Forney's algorithm) calculates the error values at known error locations. It is used as one of the steps in decoding BCH codes and Reed–Solomon codes (a subc
Locally decodable code
A locally decodable code (LDC) is an error-correcting code that allows a single bit of the original message to be decoded with high probability by only examining (or querying) a small number of bits o
Confidential incident reporting
A confidential incident reporting system is a mechanism which allows problems in safety-critical fields such as aviation and medicine to be reported in confidence. This allows events to be reported wh
BCJR algorithm
The BCJR algorithm is an algorithm for maximum a posteriori decoding of error correcting codes defined on trellises (principally convolutional codes). The algorithm is named after its inventors: Bahl,
Certifying algorithm
In theoretical computer science, a certifying algorithm is an algorithm that outputs, together with a solution to the problem it solves, a proof that the solution is correct. A certifying algorithm is
BCH code
In coding theory, the Bose–Chaudhuri–Hocquenghem codes (BCH codes) form a class of cyclic error-correcting codes that are constructed using polynomials over a finite field (also called Galois field).
Rank error-correcting code
In coding theory, rank codes (also called Gabidulin codes) are non-binary linear error-correcting codes over not Hamming but rank metric. They described a systematic way of building codes that could d
Viterbi decoder
A Viterbi decoder uses the Viterbi algorithm for decoding a bitstream that has beenencoded using a convolutional code or trellis code. There are other algorithms for decoding a convolutionally encoded
Header check sequence
A header check sequence (HCS) is an error checking feature for various header data structures, such as in the Media Access Control (MAC) header of Ethernet. It may consist of a cyclic redundancy check
Hamming code
In computer science and telecommunication, Hamming codes are a family of linear error-correcting codes. Hamming codes can detect one-bit and two-bit errors, or correct one-bit errors without detection
Berlekamp–Welch algorithm
The Berlekamp–Welch algorithm, also known as the Welch–Berlekamp algorithm, is named for Elwyn R. Berlekamp and Lloyd R. Welch. This is a decoder algorithm that efficiently corrects errors in Reed–Sol
Burst error-correcting code
In coding theory, burst error-correcting codes employ methods of correcting burst errors, which are errors that occur in many consecutive bits rather than occurring in bits independently of each other
Preparata code
In coding theory, the Preparata codes form a class of non-linear double-error-correcting codes. They are named after Franco P. Preparata who first described them in 1968. Although non-linear over GF(2
Sequential decoding
Recognised by John Wozencraft, sequential decoding is a limited memory technique for decoding . Sequential decoding is mainly used as an approximate decoding algorithm for long constraint-length convo
Berger code
In telecommunication, a Berger code is a unidirectional error detecting code, named after its inventor, J. M. Berger. Berger codes can detect all unidirectional errors. Unidirectional errors are error
Repeat-accumulate code
In computer science, repeat-accumulate codes (RA codes) are a low complexity class of error-correcting codes. They were devised so that their are easy to derive. RA codes were introduced by Divsalar e
Soft-in soft-out decoder
A soft-in soft-out (SISO) decoder is a type of soft-decision decoder used with error correcting codes. "Soft-in" refers to the fact that the incoming data may take on values other than 0 or 1, in orde
Reed–Muller code
Reed–Muller codes are error-correcting codes that are used in wireless communications applications, particularly in deep-space communication. Moreover, the proposed 5G standard relies on the closely r
Water filling algorithm
Water filling algorithm is a general name given to the ideas in communication systems design and practice for equalization strategies on communications channels. As the name suggests, just as water fi
Justesen code
In coding theory, Justesen codes form a class of error-correcting codes that have a constant rate, constant relative distance, and a constant alphabet size. Before the Justesen error correction code w
Stop-and-wait ARQ
Stop-and-wait ARQ, also referred to as alternating bit protocol, is a method in telecommunications to send information between two connected devices. It ensures that information is not lost due to dro
Generalized minimum-distance decoding
In coding theory, generalized minimum-distance (GMD) decoding provides an efficient algorithm for decoding concatenated codes, which is based on using an errors-and-erasures decoder for the outer code
Convolutional code
In telecommunication, a convolutional code is a type of error-correcting code that generates parity symbols via the sliding application of a boolean polynomial function to a data stream. The sliding a
Zigzag code
In coding theory, a zigzag code is a type of linear error-correcting code introduced by . They are defined by partitioning the input data into segments of fixed size, and adding sequence of check bits
Hybrid automatic repeat request
Hybrid automatic repeat request (hybrid ARQ or HARQ) is a combination of high-rate forward error correction (FEC) and automatic repeat request (ARQ) error-control. In standard ARQ, redundant bits are
Casting out nines
Casting out nines is any of three arithmetical procedures:
* Adding the decimal digits of a positive whole number, while optionally ignoring any 9s or digits which sum to a multiple of 9. The result
Error floor
The error floor is a phenomenon encountered in modern iterated sparse graph-based error correcting codes like LDPC codes and turbo codes. When the bit error ratio (BER) is plotted for conventional cod
Coding gain
In coding theory and related engineering problems, coding gain is the measure in the difference between the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels between the uncoded system and coded system required to r
Coding theory
Coding theory is the study of the properties of codes and their respective fitness for specific applications. Codes are used for data compression, cryptography, error detection and correction, data tr
Parvaresh–Vardy code
Parvaresh–Vardy codes are a family of error-correcting codes first described in 2005 by Farzad Parvaresh and Alexander Vardy. They can be used for efficient list-decoding.
Serial concatenated convolutional codes
Serial concatenated convolutional codes (SCCC) are a class of forward error correction (FEC) codes highly suitable for turbo (iterative) decoding. Data to be transmitted over a noisy channel may first
Locally testable code
A locally testable code is a type of error-correcting code for which it can be determined if a string is a word in that code by looking at a small (frequently constant) number of bits of the string. I
EXIT chart
An extrinsic information transfer chart, commonly called an EXIT chart, is a technique to aid the construction of good iteratively-decoded error-correcting codes (in particular low-density parity-chec
Hamming(7,4)
In coding theory, Hamming(7,4) is a linear error-correcting code that encodes four bits of data into seven bits by adding three parity bits. It is a member of a larger family of Hamming codes, but the
Coset leader
In coding theory, a coset leader is a word of minimum weight in any particular coset - that is, a word with the lowest amount of non-zero entries. Sometimes there are several words of equal minimum we
Chipkill
Chipkill is IBM's trademark for a form of advanced error checking and correcting (ECC) computer memory technology that protects computer memory systems from any single memory chip failure as well as m
Lexicographic code
Lexicographic codes or lexicodes are greedily generated error-correcting codes with remarkably good properties. They were produced independently byVladimir Levenshtein and by John Horton Conway and Ne
Crew resource management
Crew resource management or cockpit resource management (CRM) is a set of training procedures for use in environments where human error can have devastating effects. CRM is primarily used for improvin
Longitudinal redundancy check
In telecommunication, a longitudinal redundancy check (LRC), or horizontal redundancy check, is a form of redundancy check that is applied independently to each of a parallel group of bit streams. The
Repetition code
In coding theory, the repetition code is one of the most basic error-correcting codes. In order to transmit a message over a noisy channel that may corrupt the transmission in a few places, the idea o
Group coded recording
In computer science, group coded recording or group code recording (GCR) refers to several distinct but related encoding methods for representing data on magnetic media. The first, used in 6250 bpi ma
Binary Golay code
In mathematics and electronics engineering, a binary Golay code is a type of linear error-correcting code used in digital communications. The binary Golay code, along with the ternary Golay code, has
Pearson hashing
Pearson hashing is a hash function designed for fast execution on processors with 8-bit registers. Given an input consisting of any number of bytes, it produces as output a single byte that is strongl
AN codes
AN codes are error-correcting code that are used in arithmetic applications. Arithmetic codes were commonly used in computer processors to ensure the accuracy of its arithmetic operations when electro
Memory ProteXion
For computer memory, Memory ProteXion, found in IBM xSeries servers, is a form of "". This technology uses redundant bits in a data packet to recover from a DIMM failure. Memory ProteXion is different
Sparse graph code
A Sparse graph code is a code which is represented by a sparse graph. Any linear code can be represented as a graph, where there are two sets of nodes - a set representing the transmitted bits and ano
Bipolar violation
A bipolar violation, bipolarity violation, or BPV, is a violation of the bipolar encoding rules where two pulses of the same polarity occur without an intervening pulse of the opposite polarity. This
Acknowledgement (data networks)
In data networking, telecommunications, and computer buses, an acknowledgment (ACK) is a signal that is passed between communicating processes, computers, or devices to signify acknowledgment, or rece
Summation check
In telecommunication, the term summation check (sum check) has the following meanings:
* A checksum based on the formation of the sum of the digits of a numeral.
* Note: The sum of the individual di
Time triple modular redundancy
Time triple modular redundancy, also known as TTMR, is a patented single-event upset mitigation technique that detects and corrects errors in a computer or microprocessor. TTMR allows the use of very
ISO/IEC 7064
ISO/IEC 7064 is a standard promulgated by the International Standards Organization (ISO) and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) that defines algorithms for calculating check digit charact
Cross-interleaved Reed–Solomon coding
In the compact disc system, cross-interleaved Reed–Solomon code (CIRC) provides error detection and error correction. CIRC adds to every three data bytes one redundant parity byte.
Verhoeff algorithm
The Verhoeff algorithm is a checksum formula for error detection developed by the Dutch mathematician Jacobus Verhoeff and was first published in 1969. It was the first decimal check digit algorithm w
Automatic repeat request
Automatic repeat request (ARQ), also known as automatic repeat query, is an error-control method for data transmission that uses acknowledgements (messages sent by the receiver indicating that it has
Berlekamp–Massey algorithm
The Berlekamp–Massey algorithm is an algorithm that will find the shortest linear-feedback shift register (LFSR) for a given binary output sequence. The algorithm will also find the minimal polynomial
Viterbi algorithm
The Viterbi algorithm is a dynamic programming algorithm for obtaining the maximum a posteriori probability estimate of the most likely sequence of hidden states—called the Viterbi path—that results i
Data Integrity Field
Data Integrity Field (DIF) is an approach to protect data integrity in computer data storage from data corruption. It was proposed in 2003 by the T10 subcommittee of the International Committee for In
Triple modular redundancy
In computing, triple modular redundancy, sometimes called triple-mode redundancy, (TMR) is a fault-tolerant form of N-modular redundancy, in which three systems perform a process and that result is pr
Binary Reed–Solomon encoding
Binary Reed–Solomon coding (BRS), which belongs to a RS code, is a way of encoding that can fix node data loss in a distributed storage environment. It has maximum distance separable (MDS) encoding pr
Error-correcting codes with feedback
In mathematics, computer science, telecommunication, information theory, and searching theory, error-correcting codes with feedback refers to error correcting codes designed to work in the presence of
Latin square
In combinatorics and in experimental design, a Latin square is an n × n array filled with n different symbols, each occurring exactly once in each row and exactly once in each column. An example of a
Error concealment
Error concealment is a technique used in signal processing that aims to minimize the deterioration of signals caused by missing data, called packet loss. A signal is a message sent from a transmitter
Residual bit error rate
The residual bit error rate (RBER) is a receive quality metric in digital transmission, one of several used to quantify the accuracy of the received data.
Multidimensional parity-check code
A multidimensional parity-check code (MDPC) is a simple type of error correcting code that operates by arranging the message into a multidimensional grid, and calculating a parity digit for each row a
Echo (computing)
In telecommunications, echo is the local display of data, either initially as it is locally sourced and sent, or finally as a copy of it is received back from a remote destination. Local echo is where
Reed–Solomon error correction
Reed–Solomon codes are a group of error-correcting codes that were introduced by Irving S. Reed and Gustave Solomon in 1960.They have many applications, the most prominent of which include consumer te
Pseudo bit error ratio
Pseudo bit error ratio (PBER) in adaptive high-frequency (HF) radio, is a bit error ratio derived by a majority decoder that processes redundant transmissions. Note: In adaptive HF radio automatic lin
Error correction mode
Error correction mode (ECM) is an optional built into Class 1/2/2.0 fax machines or fax modems. ECM automatically detects and corrects in the fax transmission process that are sometimes caused by tele
Alternant code
In coding theory, alternant codes form a class of parameterised error-correcting codes which generalise the BCH codes.
Constant-weight code
In coding theory, a constant-weight code, also called an m-of-n code, is an error detection and correction code where all codewords share the same Hamming weight.The one-hot code and the balanced code
Cosine error
Cosine error occurs in measuring instrument readings when the user of an instrument does not realize that the vector that an instrument is measuring does not coincide with the vector that the user wis
Enumerator polynomial
In coding theory, the weight enumerator polynomial of a binary linear code specifies the number of words of each possible Hamming weight. Let be a binary linear code length . The weight distribution i
List decoding
In coding theory, list decoding is an alternative to unique decoding of error-correcting codes for large error rates. The notion was proposed by Elias in the 1950s. The main idea behind list decoding
File verification
File verification is the process of using an algorithm for verifying the integrity of a computer file, usually by checksum. This can be done by comparing two files bit-by-bit, but requires two copies
Internet checksum
The Internet checksum, also called the IPv4 header checksum is a checksum used in version 4 of the Internet Protocol (IPv4) to detect corruption in the header of IPv4 packets. It is carried in the IP
Hadamard code
The Hadamard code is an error-correcting code named after Jacques Hadamard that is used for error detection and correction when transmitting messages over very noisy or unreliable channels. In 1971, t
Low-density parity-check code
In information theory, a low-density parity-check (LDPC) code is a linear error correcting code, a method of transmitting a message over a noisy transmission channel. An LDPC code is constructed using
Folded Reed–Solomon code
In coding theory, folded Reed–Solomon codes are like Reed–Solomon codes, which are obtained by mapping Reed–Solomon codewords over a larger alphabet by careful bundling of codeword symbols. Folded Ree
Data scrubbing
Data scrubbing is an error correction technique that uses a background task to periodically inspect main memory or storage for errors, then corrects detected errors using redundant data in the form of
Parity bit
A parity bit, or check bit, is a bit added to a string of binary code. Parity bits are a simple form of error detecting code. Parity bits are generally applied to the smallest units of a communication
Hash list
In computer science, a hash list is typically a list of hashes of the data blocks in a file or set of files. Lists of hashes are used for many different purposes, such as fast table lookup (hash table
Message authentication code
In cryptography, a message authentication code (MAC), sometimes known as a tag, is a short piece of information used for authenticating a message. In other words, to confirm that the message came from
Detection error tradeoff
A detection error tradeoff (DET) graph is a graphical plot of error rates for binary classification systems, plotting the false rejection rate vs. false acceptance rate. The x- and y-axes are scaled n
Long code (mathematics)
In theoretical computer science and coding theory, the long code is an error-correcting code that is locally decodable. Long codes have an extremely poor rate, but play a fundamental role in the theor
Error correction code
In computing, telecommunication, information theory, and coding theory, an error correction code, sometimes error correcting code, (ECC) is used for controlling errors in data over unreliable or noisy
Zemor's decoding algorithm
In coding theory, Zemor's algorithm, designed and developed by Gilles Zemor, is a recursive low-complexity approach to code construction. It is an improvement over the algorithm of Sipser and Spielman
Sanity check
A sanity check or sanity test is a basic test to quickly evaluate whether a claim or the result of a calculation can possibly be true. It is a simple check to see if the produced material is rational
Merkle tree
In cryptography and computer science, a hash tree or Merkle tree is a tree in which every "leaf" (node) is labelled with the cryptographic hash of a data block, and every node that is not a leaf (call
Error detection and correction
In information theory and coding theory with applications in computer science and telecommunication, error detection and correction (EDAC) or error control are techniques that enable reliable delivery
Turbo code
In information theory, turbo codes (originally in French Turbocodes) are a class of high-performance forward error correction (FEC) codes developed around 1990–91, but first published in 1993. They we
Reliable Data Transfer
Reliable Data Transfer is a topic in computer networking concerning the transfer of data across unreliable channels. Unreliability is one of the drawbacks of packet switched networks such as the moder
Zyablov bound
In coding theory, the Zyablov bound is a lower bound on the rate and relative distance that are achievable by concatenated codes.
Snake-in-the-box
The snake-in-the-box problem in graph theory and computer science deals with finding a certain kind of path along the edges of a hypercube. This path starts at one corner and travels along the edges t
Selective Repeat ARQ
Selective Repeat ARQ/Selective Reject ARQ is a specific instance of the automatic repeat request (ARQ) protocol used to manage sequence numbers and retransmissions in reliable communications.
Chien search
In abstract algebra, the Chien search, named after Robert Tienwen Chien, is a fast algorithm for determining roots of polynomials defined over a finite field. Chien search is commonly used to find the
Check digit
A check digit is a form of redundancy check used for error detection on identification numbers, such as bank account numbers, which are used in an application where they will at least sometimes be inp
Iterative Viterbi decoding
Iterative Viterbi decoding is an algorithm that spots the subsequence S of an observation O = {o1, ..., on} having the highest average probability (i.e., probability scaled by the length of S) of bein
K-independent hashing
In computer science, a family of hash functions is said to be k-independent, k-wise independent or k-universal if selecting a function at random from the family guarantees that the hash codes of any d
Remote error indication
Remote error indication (REI) or formerly far end block error (FEBE) is an alarm signal used in synchronous optical networking (SONET). It indicates to the transmitting node that the receiver has dete
Redundant array of independent memory
A redundant array of independent memory (RAIM) is a design feature found in certain computers' main random access memory. RAIM utilizes additional memory modules and striping algorithms to protect aga
Drop-out compensator
A drop-out compensator is an error concealment device that was commonly used in the analog video era to hide brief RF signal "drop-outs" on videotape playback caused by imperfections in or damage to t
Homomorphic signatures for network coding
Network coding has been shown to optimally use bandwidth in a network, maximizing information flow but the scheme is very inherently vulnerable to pollution attacks by malicious nodes in the network.
Concatenated error correction code
In coding theory, concatenated codes form a class of error-correcting codes that are derived by combining an inner code and an outer code. They were conceived in 1966 by Dave Forney as a solution to t
Shaping codes
In digital communications shaping codes are a method of encoding that changes the distribution of signals to improve efficiency.
Slepian–Wolf coding
In information theory and communication, the Slepian–Wolf coding, also known as the Slepian–Wolf bound, is a result in distributed source coding discovered by David Slepian and Jack Wolf in 1973. It i
Srivastava code
In coding theory, Srivastava codes, formulated by Professor J. N. Srivastava, form a class of parameterised error-correcting codes which are a special case of alternant codes.
Go-Back-N ARQ
Go-Back-N ARQ is a specific instance of the automatic repeat request (ARQ) protocol, in which the sending process continues to send a number of frames specified by a window size even without receiving
Forward–backward algorithm
The forward–backward algorithm is an inference algorithm for hidden Markov models which computes the posterior marginals of all hidden state variables given a sequence of observations/emissions , i.e.
Hash calendar
A hash calendar is a data structure that is used to measure the passage of time by adding hash values to an append-only database with one hash value per elapsed second. It can be thought of special ki
Error correction model
An error correction model (ECM) belongs to a category of multiple time series models most commonly used for data where the underlying variables have a long-run common stochastic trend, also known as c
Soft-decision decoder
In information theory, a soft-decision decoder is a kind of decoding methods – a class of algorithm used to decode data that has been encoded with an error correcting code. Whereas a hard-decision dec
Message authentication
In information security, message authentication or data origin authentication is a property that a message has not been modified while in transit (data integrity) and that the receiving party can veri
Dual modular redundancy
In reliability engineering, dual modular redundancy (DMR) is when components of a system are duplicated, providing redundancy in case one should fail. It is particularly applied to systems where the d
Transverse redundancy check
In telecommunications, a transverse redundancy check (TRC) or vertical redundancy check is a redundancy check for synchronized parallel bits applied once per bit time, across the bit streams. This req
Expander code
In coding theory, expander codes form a class of error-correcting codes that are constructed from bipartite expander graphs.Along with Justesen codes, expander codes are of particular interest since t