Zoology (Animal Biology)

  1. Animal Behavior (Ethology)
    1. Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
      1. Mechanisms (How)
        1. Physiological Basis
          1. Neural Control
            1. Hormonal Influences
            2. Evolutionary Explanations (Why)
              1. Adaptive Significance
                1. Natural Selection Pressures
                  1. Phylogenetic History
                2. Innate Behavior
                  1. Fixed Action Patterns
                    1. Stereotyped Responses
                      1. Sign Stimuli
                        1. Releasing Mechanisms
                        2. Instincts
                          1. Inherited Behaviors
                            1. Species-Specific Patterns
                            2. Reflexes
                              1. Simple Responses
                                1. Neural Pathways
                              2. Learned Behavior
                                1. Habituation
                                  1. Response Reduction
                                    1. Stimulus Familiarity
                                    2. Imprinting
                                      1. Critical Periods
                                        1. Parent-Offspring Bonding
                                        2. Associative Learning
                                          1. Classical Conditioning
                                            1. Stimulus-Response Associations
                                              1. Pavlovian Responses
                                              2. Operant Conditioning
                                                1. Reinforcement Learning
                                                  1. Trial and Error
                                                2. Observational Learning
                                                  1. Social Learning
                                                    1. Imitation Behaviors
                                                    2. Cognition and Problem Solving
                                                      1. Mental Processes
                                                        1. Tool Use
                                                          1. Spatial Memory
                                                        2. Social Behavior
                                                          1. Communication and Signals
                                                            1. Visual Signals
                                                              1. Body Postures
                                                                1. Color Displays
                                                                  1. Movement Patterns
                                                                  2. Chemical Signals
                                                                    1. Pheromones
                                                                      1. Scent Marking
                                                                      2. Auditory Signals
                                                                        1. Vocalizations
                                                                          1. Sound Production
                                                                          2. Tactile Signals
                                                                            1. Physical Contact
                                                                              1. Grooming Behaviors
                                                                            2. Mating Systems
                                                                              1. Monogamy
                                                                                1. Pair Bonding
                                                                                  1. Shared Parental Care
                                                                                  2. Polygamy
                                                                                    1. Multiple Mates
                                                                                      1. Resource Defense
                                                                                      2. Mate Choice
                                                                                        1. Sexual Selection
                                                                                          1. Courtship Displays
                                                                                        2. Altruism
                                                                                          1. Self-Sacrificing Behaviors
                                                                                            1. Group Benefits
                                                                                            2. Kin Selection
                                                                                              1. Inclusive Fitness
                                                                                                1. Relatedness Effects
                                                                                                2. Eusociality
                                                                                                  1. Social Insects
                                                                                                    1. Caste Systems
                                                                                                      1. Cooperative Breeding
                                                                                                    2. Foraging Behavior
                                                                                                      1. Optimal Foraging Theory
                                                                                                        1. Energy Maximization
                                                                                                          1. Cost-Benefit Analysis
                                                                                                          2. Risk Assessment
                                                                                                            1. Predation Risks
                                                                                                              1. Resource Quality
                                                                                                              2. Search Strategies
                                                                                                                1. Food Storage
                                                                                                                2. Migration and Navigation
                                                                                                                  1. Orientation Mechanisms
                                                                                                                    1. Compass Orientation
                                                                                                                      1. Landmark Recognition
                                                                                                                      2. Migration Patterns
                                                                                                                        1. Seasonal Movements
                                                                                                                          1. Breeding Migrations

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                                                                                                                      7. Animal Form and Function: Physiology

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                                                                                                                      9. Animal Ecology