Zoology (Animal Biology)

  1. Animal Form and Function: Physiology
    1. Support and Movement
      1. Skeletal Systems
        1. Hydrostatic Skeletons
          1. Fluid-Filled Cavities
            1. Muscle Arrangements
              1. Locomotion Mechanisms
              2. Exoskeletons
                1. External Support Structures
                  1. Molting Requirements
                    1. Protection Functions
                    2. Endoskeletons
                      1. Internal Support Systems
                        1. Growth Accommodation
                          1. Mineral Composition
                        2. Muscular Systems
                          1. Types of Muscle Tissue
                            1. Smooth Muscle
                              1. Involuntary Control
                                1. Organ Wall Functions
                                2. Skeletal Muscle
                                  1. Voluntary Control
                                    1. Striated Structure
                                    2. Cardiac Muscle
                                      1. Rhythmic Contractions
                                        1. Intercalated Discs
                                      2. Muscle Contraction Mechanisms
                                        1. Sliding Filament Theory
                                          1. Actin and Myosin Interactions
                                            1. Cross-Bridge Cycling
                                            2. Neuromuscular Junction
                                              1. Synaptic Transmission
                                                1. Motor Unit Activation
                                                2. Energy Requirements
                                                  1. Muscle Fiber Types
                                              2. Nutrition and Digestion
                                                1. Feeding Mechanisms
                                                  1. Filter Feeding
                                                    1. Particle Capture
                                                      1. Water Processing
                                                      2. Deposit Feeding
                                                        1. Sediment Processing
                                                          1. Organic Matter Extraction
                                                          2. Fluid Feeding
                                                            1. Liquid Nutrition
                                                              1. Piercing Mechanisms
                                                              2. Bulk Feeding
                                                                1. Large Food Items
                                                                  1. Mechanical Processing
                                                                2. Digestive Systems
                                                                  1. Incomplete Digestive Systems
                                                                    1. Gastrovascular Cavity
                                                                      1. Single Opening
                                                                        1. Dual Function
                                                                      2. Complete Digestive Systems
                                                                        1. Alimentary Canal
                                                                          1. Mouth to Anus
                                                                            1. Specialized Regions
                                                                            2. Regional Specializations
                                                                              1. Crop and Gizzard
                                                                                1. Stomach Variations
                                                                                  1. Intestinal Modifications
                                                                                2. Accessory Organs
                                                                                  1. Liver Functions
                                                                                    1. Pancreatic Secretions
                                                                                      1. Salivary Glands
                                                                                    2. Adaptations for Diet
                                                                                      1. Herbivory
                                                                                        1. Plant Cell Wall Digestion
                                                                                          1. Symbiotic Microorganisms
                                                                                            1. Extended Gut Length
                                                                                            2. Carnivory
                                                                                              1. Protein Digestion
                                                                                                1. Rapid Processing
                                                                                                  1. Hunting Adaptations
                                                                                                  2. Omnivory
                                                                                                    1. Dietary Flexibility
                                                                                                      1. Generalized Digestive System
                                                                                                      2. Specialized Dentition
                                                                                                        1. Tooth Types and Functions
                                                                                                          1. Dental Formulas
                                                                                                        2. Digestive Enzymes
                                                                                                          1. Absorption Mechanisms
                                                                                                          2. Circulation and Gas Exchange
                                                                                                            1. Circulatory Systems
                                                                                                              1. Open Circulatory Systems
                                                                                                                1. Hemolymph Circulation
                                                                                                                  1. Body Cavity Bathing
                                                                                                                    1. Arthropod Examples
                                                                                                                    2. Closed Circulatory Systems
                                                                                                                      1. Blood Vessel Networks
                                                                                                                        1. Efficient Transport
                                                                                                                          1. Vertebrate Systems
                                                                                                                          2. Heart Structure and Function
                                                                                                                            1. Chamber Organization
                                                                                                                              1. Pumping Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                1. Cardiac Cycle
                                                                                                                                  1. Heart Rate Regulation
                                                                                                                                2. Respiratory Systems
                                                                                                                                  1. Gills
                                                                                                                                    1. Aquatic Gas Exchange
                                                                                                                                      1. Countercurrent Flow
                                                                                                                                        1. Surface Area Maximization
                                                                                                                                        2. Tracheal Systems
                                                                                                                                          1. Direct Oxygen Delivery
                                                                                                                                            1. Spiracle Openings
                                                                                                                                              1. Insect Respiration
                                                                                                                                              2. Lungs
                                                                                                                                                1. Air-Breathing Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                  1. Alveolar Structure
                                                                                                                                                    1. Ventilation Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                    2. Cutaneous Respiration
                                                                                                                                                      1. Skin Gas Exchange
                                                                                                                                                        1. Moisture Requirements
                                                                                                                                                      2. Oxygen Transport
                                                                                                                                                        1. Respiratory Pigments
                                                                                                                                                          1. Hemoglobin Function
                                                                                                                                                          2. Carbon Dioxide Removal
                                                                                                                                                          3. Osmoregulation and Excretion
                                                                                                                                                            1. Water and Salt Balance
                                                                                                                                                              1. Osmoconformers
                                                                                                                                                                1. Environmental Matching
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Marine Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Osmoregulators
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Active Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Freshwater and Terrestrial Forms
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Excretory Systems
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Protonephridia
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Flame Cell Systems
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Flatworm Examples
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Metanephridia
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Segmented Worm Systems
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Filtration and Reabsorption
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Malpighian Tubules
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Insect Excretion
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Dry Waste Production
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Kidneys
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Vertebrate Excretion
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Nephron Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Filtration Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Nitrogenous Waste Products
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Ammonia
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. High Toxicity
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Aquatic Environments
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Urea
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Moderate Toxicity
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Mammalian Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Uric Acid
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Low Toxicity
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Water Conservation
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Hormonal Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                  3. Nervous System and Sensory Organs
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Neuron Structure and Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cell Body Components
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Dendrite Organization
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Axon Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Myelin Sheaths
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Nerve Impulses
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Resting Potential
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Action Potential
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Propagation Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Refractory Periods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Synaptic Transmission
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Chemical Synapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Neurotransmitters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Signal Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Electrical Synapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Organization of Nervous Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Nerve Nets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Cnidarian Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Distributed Processing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Centralized Nervous Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Brain Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Spinal Cord Organization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Peripheral Nervous System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Sensory Pathways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Motor Pathways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Autonomic Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. The Vertebrate Brain
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Major Brain Regions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Forebrain
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Midbrain
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Hindbrain
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Sensory and Motor Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Cerebral Cortex
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cerebellum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Brain Stem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Sensory Reception
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Chemoreception
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Taste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Taste Buds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Chemical Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Smell
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Olfactory Receptors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Pheromone Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Mechanoreception
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Touch
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Pressure Receptors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Texture Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Hearing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Sound Wave Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Ear Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Balance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Vestibular System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Equilibrium Maintenance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Photoreception
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Simple Eyespots
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Light Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Directional Sensing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Compound Eyes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Arthropod Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Motion Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Camera-Type Eyes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Vertebrate Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Image Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Electroreception
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Magnetoreception
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        3. Endocrine System and Chemical Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Hormones and their Actions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Chemical Messengers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Target Cell Recognition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Feedback Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Invertebrate Hormones
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Molting Hormones
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Juvenile Hormones
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Reproductive Hormones
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. The Vertebrate Endocrine System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Major Glands
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Pituitary Gland
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Thyroid Gland
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Adrenal Glands
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Pancreas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Gonads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Hormonal Regulation of Physiology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Growth Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Metabolism Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Reproductive Cycles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Stress Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. The Immune System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Innate Immunity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Physical Barriers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Skin Protection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Mucous Membranes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Cellular Defenses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Phagocytes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Natural Killer Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Inflammatory Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Adaptive Immunity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Antibodies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. B Cell Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Antigen Recognition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Lymphocytes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. T Cell Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Memory Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Immune Memory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Thermoregulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Ectothermy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Environmental Temperature Dependence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Behavioral Thermoregulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Endothermy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Internal Heat Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Metabolic Heat Generation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Behavioral Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Basking Behaviors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Shelter Seeking
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Migration Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Physiological Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Insulation Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Vascular Adjustments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Metabolic Adjustments

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            6. Survey of the Animal Kingdom: Vertebrates (Phylum Chordata)

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            8. Animal Behavior (Ethology)