Zoology (Animal Biology)

  1. Survey of the Animal Kingdom: Invertebrates
    1. Phylum Porifera (Sponges)
      1. Cellular Organization
        1. Lack of True Tissues
          1. Cell Types and Functions
            1. Choanocytes
              1. Amoebocytes
                1. Pinacocytes
              2. Body Forms
                1. Asconoid
                  1. Simple Structure
                    1. Direct Water Flow
                    2. Syconoid
                      1. Folded Body Wall
                        1. Increased Surface Area
                        2. Leuconoid
                          1. Complex Chamber System
                            1. Maximum Efficiency
                          2. Filter Feeding Mechanism
                            1. Water Current Generation
                              1. Particle Capture
                                1. Nutrient Processing
                                2. Reproduction and Development
                                  1. Asexual Reproduction
                                    1. Sexual Reproduction
                                      1. Larval Stages
                                      2. Ecological Roles
                                        1. Skeletal Elements
                                        2. Phylum Cnidaria (Jellyfish, Corals, Anemones)
                                          1. Radial Symmetry
                                            1. Body Organization
                                              1. Functional Implications
                                              2. Diploblastic Organization
                                                1. Epidermis and Gastrodermis
                                                  1. Mesoglea
                                                  2. Polyp and Medusa Body Forms
                                                    1. Polyp Characteristics
                                                      1. Medusa Characteristics
                                                        1. Alternation of Forms
                                                        2. Nematocysts and Cnidocytes
                                                          1. Stinging Cell Structure
                                                            1. Prey Capture Mechanisms
                                                              1. Defense Functions
                                                              2. Life Cycles
                                                                1. Hydrozoan Life Cycles
                                                                  1. Scyphozoan Life Cycles
                                                                    1. Anthozoan Life Cycles
                                                                    2. Coral Reefs and Symbiosis
                                                                      1. Zooxanthellae Relationships
                                                                        1. Reef Formation
                                                                          1. Ecological Importance
                                                                          2. Major Classes
                                                                            1. Class Hydrozoa
                                                                              1. Class Scyphozoa
                                                                                1. Class Anthozoa
                                                                              2. Phylum Ctenophora (Comb Jellies)
                                                                                1. Body Structure
                                                                                  1. Biradial Symmetry
                                                                                    1. Transparent Body
                                                                                    2. Locomotion with Ctenes
                                                                                      1. Ciliary Plates
                                                                                        1. Swimming Mechanisms
                                                                                        2. Feeding Strategies
                                                                                          1. Tentacle Systems
                                                                                            1. Prey Capture
                                                                                            2. Bioluminescence
                                                                                            3. The Bilateria
                                                                                              1. Clade Lophotrochozoa
                                                                                                1. Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)
                                                                                                  1. Body Plan and Symmetry
                                                                                                    1. Bilateral Symmetry
                                                                                                      1. Dorsoventral Flattening
                                                                                                        1. Acoelomate Condition
                                                                                                        2. Parasitic and Free-Living Forms
                                                                                                          1. Class Turbellaria
                                                                                                            1. Class Trematoda
                                                                                                              1. Class Cestoda
                                                                                                              2. Reproductive Strategies
                                                                                                                1. Hermaphroditism
                                                                                                                  1. Complex Life Cycles
                                                                                                                  2. Nervous System
                                                                                                                    1. Excretory System
                                                                                                                    2. Phylum Rotifera (Rotifers)
                                                                                                                      1. Corona and Locomotion
                                                                                                                        1. Ciliary Crown
                                                                                                                          1. Swimming and Feeding
                                                                                                                          2. Reproduction
                                                                                                                            1. Parthenogenesis
                                                                                                                              1. Sexual Reproduction
                                                                                                                              2. Body Structure
                                                                                                                                1. Ecological Roles
                                                                                                                                2. Phylum Mollusca (Mollusks)
                                                                                                                                  1. General Body Plan
                                                                                                                                    1. Mantle
                                                                                                                                      1. Visceral Mass
                                                                                                                                        1. Muscular Foot
                                                                                                                                          1. Radula
                                                                                                                                          2. Class Gastropoda
                                                                                                                                            1. Shell Structure
                                                                                                                                              1. Coiled Shells
                                                                                                                                                1. Shell Reduction
                                                                                                                                                2. Torsion
                                                                                                                                                  1. Developmental Process
                                                                                                                                                    1. Functional Consequences
                                                                                                                                                    2. Feeding Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                      1. Terrestrial Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                      2. Class Bivalvia
                                                                                                                                                        1. Filter Feeding
                                                                                                                                                          1. Gill Structure
                                                                                                                                                            1. Water Circulation
                                                                                                                                                            2. Shell Morphology
                                                                                                                                                              1. Two-Valve System
                                                                                                                                                                1. Hinge Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                2. Burrowing Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                3. Class Cephalopoda
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Locomotion
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Jet Propulsion
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Tentacle Movement
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Nervous System
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Brain Development
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Learning Abilities
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Camouflage and Defense
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Chromatophores
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Ink Production
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Shell Modifications
                                                                                                                                                                              3. Class Polyplacophora
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Class Scaphopoda
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Phylum Annelida (Segmented Worms)
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Segmentation
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Metameric Organization
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Segment Specialization
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Setae and Locomotion
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Bristle Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Movement Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Major Classes
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Class Polychaeta
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Class Oligochaeta
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Class Hirudinea
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Circulatory System
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Nervous System
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Phylum Nemertea
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Phylum Bryozoa
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Phylum Brachiopoda
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Clade Ecdysozoa
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Phylum Nematoda (Roundworms)
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Body Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Pseudocoelomate Organization
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cuticle Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Parasitic and Free-Living Species
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Medical Importance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Ecological Roles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Reproduction and Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Molting Process
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Phylum Arthropoda (Arthropods)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Exoskeleton and Molting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Chitin Composition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Ecdysis Process
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Growth Limitations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Segmentation and Tagmatization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Body Region Specialization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Functional Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Subphylum Chelicerata
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Body Regions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Prosoma
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Opisthosoma
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Chelicerae
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Feeding Appendages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Venom Delivery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Class Arachnida
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Class Merostomata
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Subphylum Myriapoda
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Centipedes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Predatory Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Venom Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Millipedes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Detritivore Feeding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Defense Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Subphylum Crustacea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Body Plan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Cephalothorax
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Abdomen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Aquatic Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Gill Respiration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Swimming Appendages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Major Groups
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Decapods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Copepods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Barnacles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Subphylum Hexapoda
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Insect Body Plan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Head, Thorax, Abdomen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Six Legs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Wing Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Metamorphosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Complete Metamorphosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Incomplete Metamorphosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Diversity and Ecological Roles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Pollination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Decomposition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Food Webs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Social Insects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Phylum Tardigrada
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Phylum Onychophora
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  3. The Deuterostomia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Phylum Echinodermata (Starfish, Sea Urchins)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Pentaradial Symmetry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Five-Part Organization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Bilateral Larval Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Water Vascular System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Hydraulic Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Madreporite
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Ring Canal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Tube Feet and Locomotion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Ambulacral System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Movement Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Regeneration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Autotomy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Regrowth Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Major Classes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Class Asteroidea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Class Echinoidea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Class Ophiuroidea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Class Crinoidea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Class Holothuroidea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Phylum Hemichordata (Acorn Worms)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Body Plan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Proboscis, Collar, Trunk
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Pharyngeal Slits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Feeding and Habitat
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Deposit Feeding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Burrowing Behavior
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Chordate Relationships

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      4. Animal Architecture and Body Plans

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      6. Survey of the Animal Kingdom: Vertebrates (Phylum Chordata)