Wildlife Ecology and Conservation

7.

Major Threats to Wildlife and Biodiversity

7.1.

Habitat Loss and Degradation

7.1.1.

Causes of Habitat Loss

7.1.1.1.

Agricultural Expansion

7.1.1.2.

Urban Development

7.1.1.3.

Infrastructure Development

7.1.1.4.

Resource Extraction

7.1.2.

Habitat Degradation Processes

7.1.2.1.

Pollution Effects

7.1.2.2.

Invasive Species Impacts

7.1.2.3.

Overuse and Disturbance

7.1.3.

Habitat Fragmentation

7.1.3.1.

Fragmentation Patterns

7.1.3.2.

7.1.3.3.

Isolation Effects

7.1.3.4.

Population Consequences

7.2.

Overexploitation of Wildlife

7.2.1.

Overhunting and Overfishing

7.2.1.1.

Unsustainable Harvest Rates

7.2.1.2.

Gear and Method Impacts

7.2.1.3.

Enforcement Challenges

7.2.2.

Bycatch and Incidental Mortality

7.2.2.1.

Fisheries Bycatch

7.2.2.2.

Vehicle Strikes

7.2.2.3.

Infrastructure Mortality

7.2.3.

Illegal Wildlife Trade

7.2.3.1.

Trade Drivers and Markets

7.2.3.2.

Trafficking Networks

7.2.3.3.

Species Most at Risk

7.2.3.4.

Economic and Social Impacts

7.3.

Invasive Species and Biological Invasions

7.3.1.

Introduction Pathways

7.3.1.1.

Intentional Introductions

7.3.1.2.

Accidental Introductions

7.3.1.3.

Natural Range Expansions

7.3.2.

Establishment and Spread

7.3.2.1.

Propagule Pressure

7.3.2.2.

Invasion Success Factors

7.3.2.3.

Spread Mechanisms

7.3.3.

Ecological Impacts

7.3.3.1.

Competition with Native Species

7.3.3.2.

Predation on Native Species

7.3.3.3.

Habitat Modification

7.3.3.4.

Disease Introduction

7.3.4.

Economic and Social Impacts

7.3.4.1.

Agricultural Losses

7.3.4.2.

Infrastructure Damage

7.3.4.3.

Management Costs

7.4.

Environmental Pollution

7.4.1.

Chemical Contamination

7.4.1.1.

Pesticide Effects

7.4.1.2.

Heavy Metal Contamination

7.4.1.3.

Persistent Organic Pollutants

7.4.1.4.

Endocrine Disrupting Compounds

7.4.2.

Physical Pollution

7.4.2.1.

Plastic Pollution

7.4.2.2.

7.4.2.3.

7.4.3.

Energy Pollution

7.4.3.1.

Light Pollution

7.4.3.2.

Noise Pollution

7.4.3.3.

Electromagnetic Radiation

7.4.4.

Nutrient Pollution

7.4.4.1.

7.4.4.2.

7.4.4.3.

7.5.

Climate Change Impacts

7.5.1.

Temperature Effects

7.5.1.1.

7.5.1.2.

Phenological Shifts

7.5.1.3.

Metabolic Changes

7.5.2.

Precipitation Changes

7.5.2.1.

Drought Effects

7.5.2.2.

Flooding Impacts

7.5.2.3.

Seasonal Shifts

7.5.3.

Range Shifts and Distribution Changes

7.5.3.1.

Latitudinal Shifts

7.5.3.2.

Altitudinal Shifts

7.5.3.3.

Habitat Tracking

7.5.4.

Extreme Weather Events

7.5.4.1.

Increased Storm Intensity

7.5.4.2.

7.5.4.3.

Unpredictable Weather Patterns

7.5.5.

Ecosystem Disruption

7.5.5.1.

Food Web Alterations

7.5.5.2.

7.5.5.3.

Species Interactions Changes

7.6.

Disease and Pathogen Threats

7.6.1.

Emerging Infectious Diseases

7.6.1.1.

Pathogen Spillover

7.6.1.2.

Novel Pathogen Evolution

7.6.1.3.

Climate-Disease Interactions

7.6.2.

Wildlife Disease Outbreaks

7.6.2.1.

Epidemic Dynamics

7.6.2.2.

Population-Level Effects

7.6.2.3.

Cross-Species Transmission

7.6.3.

Zoonotic Disease Risks

7.6.3.1.

Wildlife-Human Disease Interface

7.6.3.2.

Public Health Implications

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8. Methods for Studying Wildlife