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Biology
Paleontology
Vertebrate Paleontology
1. Foundations of Vertebrate Paleontology
2. The Fossil Record and Geological Time
3. Field and Laboratory Methods
4. Vertebrate Anatomy and Systematics
5. Early Vertebrate Evolution
6. Gnathostome Origins and Early Jawed Fishes
7. Osteichthyan Diversification
8. The Water-to-Land Transition
9. Amphibian Evolution
10. Amniote Origins and Early Evolution
11. Synapsid Evolution and Mammalian Origins
12. Sauropsid Radiation
13. Mesozoic Marine Reptiles
14. Lepidosauromorph Evolution
15. Archosauromorph Dominance
16. Crocodylomorph Evolution
17. Pterosaur Evolution and Flight
18. Dinosaur Origins and Early Evolution
19. Sauropodomorph Evolution
20. Theropod Evolution and Diversity
21. Ornithischian Diversity
22. Avian Origins and Early Evolution
23. Cenozoic Mammalian Radiation
24. Primate and Human Evolution
25. Macroevolutionary Patterns and Processes
10.
Amniote Origins and Early Evolution
10.1.
The Amniotic Egg Innovation
10.1.1.
Egg Membrane Structure
10.1.1.1.
Amnion
10.1.1.2.
Chorion
10.1.1.3.
Allantois
10.1.1.4.
Yolk Sac
10.1.2.
Evolutionary Advantages
10.1.2.1.
Terrestrial Reproduction
10.1.2.2.
Protection from Desiccation
10.1.2.3.
Waste Management
10.1.2.4.
Nutritional Support
10.1.3.
Developmental Implications
10.2.
Early Amniote Characteristics
10.2.1.
Skeletal Features
10.2.1.1.
Skull Modifications
10.2.1.2.
Vertebral Changes
10.2.1.3.
Limb Adaptations
10.2.2.
Physiological Innovations
10.2.2.1.
Improved Kidneys
10.2.2.2.
Skin Modifications
10.2.2.3.
Metabolic Changes
10.3.
Basal Amniote Diversity
10.3.1.
Hylonomus
10.3.2.
Paleothyris
10.3.3.
Protoclepsydrops
10.3.4.
Casineria
10.4.
Amniote Phylogeny
10.4.1.
Synapsida
10.4.1.1.
Single Temporal Fenestra
10.4.1.2.
Mammalian Lineage
10.4.2.
Sauropsida
10.4.2.1.
Reptilian Characteristics
10.4.2.2.
Diapsid Condition
10.4.3.
Molecular Phylogenetic Support
10.5.
Early Amniote Ecology
10.5.1.
Terrestrial Adaptations
10.5.2.
Dietary Specializations
10.5.3.
Habitat Preferences
10.5.4.
Competitive Interactions
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9. Amphibian Evolution
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11. Synapsid Evolution and Mammalian Origins