Toxicology

  1. Toxicity Testing and Evaluation
    1. In Vitro Methods
      1. Cell Culture Assays
        1. Cytotoxicity Assays
          1. MTT Assay
            1. LDH Release Assay
              1. Neutral Red Uptake
              2. Genotoxicity Assays
                1. Chromosomal Aberration Tests
                  1. Micronucleus Test
                    1. Comet Assay
                  2. Ames Test for Mutagenicity
                    1. Bacterial Strains
                      1. Metabolic Activation
                        1. Interpretation of Results
                        2. Organ-on-Chip Technology
                          1. Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Models
                          2. In Silico Methods
                            1. Computational Toxicology
                              1. Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSAR)
                                1. Structure-Activity Relationships
                                  1. Predictive Modeling
                                    1. Database Development
                                    2. Read-Across Approaches
                                      1. Toxicokinetic Modeling
                                      2. In Vivo Animal Studies
                                        1. Acute Toxicity Testing
                                          1. LD50 Determination
                                            1. Observation of Clinical Signs
                                              1. Limit Test
                                              2. Subacute Toxicity Testing
                                                1. 14-Day Studies
                                                  1. 28-Day Studies
                                                  2. Subchronic Toxicity Testing
                                                    1. 90-Day Studies
                                                      1. Dose Selection
                                                      2. Chronic Toxicity Testing
                                                        1. Lifetime Exposure Studies
                                                          1. Combined Chronic/Carcinogenicity Studies
                                                          2. Carcinogenicity Bioassays
                                                            1. Two-Year Rodent Studies
                                                              1. Tumor Incidence Evaluation
                                                                1. Histopathological Examination
                                                                2. Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity Studies
                                                                  1. Fertility Assessment
                                                                    1. Teratogenicity Testing
                                                                      1. Multi-generation Studies
                                                                      2. Specialized Studies
                                                                        1. Immunotoxicity Studies
                                                                          1. Neurotoxicity Studies
                                                                            1. Dermal Toxicity Studies
                                                                          2. Alternative Testing Methods
                                                                            1. Three Rs Principle (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement)
                                                                              1. Integrated Testing Strategies
                                                                                1. Adverse Outcome Pathways
                                                                                2. Biomarkers
                                                                                  1. Biomarkers of Exposure
                                                                                    1. Parent Compound Measurement
                                                                                      1. Metabolite Measurement
                                                                                        1. DNA Adducts
                                                                                        2. Biomarkers of Effect
                                                                                          1. Biological Response Indicators
                                                                                            1. Early Effect Markers
                                                                                            2. Biomarkers of Susceptibility
                                                                                              1. Genetic Polymorphisms
                                                                                                1. Phenotypic Markers

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                                                                                            6. Classification of Toxicants

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                                                                                            8. Risk Assessment and Management