Toxicology

  1. Toxicodynamics
    1. Molecular Targets of Toxicants
      1. Interaction with Receptors
        1. Agonist Effects
          1. Antagonist Effects
            1. Receptor Binding Affinity
            2. Interference with Enzyme Activity
              1. Enzyme Inhibition
                1. Competitive Inhibition
                  1. Non-competitive Inhibition
                    1. Irreversible Inhibition
                    2. Enzyme Activation
                    3. Binding to Nucleic Acids
                      1. DNA Adduct Formation
                        1. RNA Interactions
                          1. Mutagenesis
                          2. Disruption of Membrane Function
                            1. Lipid Peroxidation
                              1. Altered Membrane Permeability
                                1. Membrane Protein Interactions
                                2. Interaction with Proteins
                                  1. Protein Denaturation
                                    1. Covalent Binding
                                      1. Protein Cross-linking
                                    2. Cellular Mechanisms of Toxicity
                                      1. Oxidative Stress and Free Radical Formation
                                        1. Sources of Reactive Oxygen Species
                                          1. Antioxidant Defenses
                                            1. Lipid Peroxidation
                                              1. Protein Oxidation
                                              2. Mitochondrial Dysfunction
                                                1. Disruption of ATP Production
                                                  1. Electron Transport Chain Inhibition
                                                    1. Induction of Apoptosis
                                                    2. Disruption of Calcium Homeostasis
                                                      1. Calcium Channel Modulation
                                                        1. Intracellular Calcium Overload
                                                        2. Apoptosis (Programmed Cell Death)
                                                          1. Intrinsic Pathway
                                                            1. Extrinsic Pathway
                                                              1. Caspase Activation
                                                              2. Necrosis (Cell Injury)
                                                                1. Mechanisms of Cell Death
                                                                  1. Inflammatory Response
                                                                  2. Alteration of Gene Expression
                                                                    1. Epigenetic Changes
                                                                      1. Signal Transduction Pathways
                                                                        1. Transcriptional Regulation
                                                                      2. Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis
                                                                        1. Genotoxic Carcinogens
                                                                          1. Initiators
                                                                            1. Direct-Acting Carcinogens
                                                                              1. Indirect-Acting Carcinogens
                                                                                1. Mutagenesis
                                                                                2. Non-Genotoxic (Epigenetic) Carcinogens
                                                                                  1. Promoters
                                                                                    1. Co-carcinogens
                                                                                      1. Hormonal Carcinogens
                                                                                      2. Stages of Carcinogenesis
                                                                                        1. Initiation
                                                                                          1. Promotion
                                                                                            1. Progression
                                                                                            2. DNA Repair Mechanisms
                                                                                              1. Base Excision Repair
                                                                                                1. Nucleotide Excision Repair
                                                                                                  1. Mismatch Repair
                                                                                                  2. Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes
                                                                                                    1. Proto-oncogenes
                                                                                                      1. Tumor Suppressor Genes
                                                                                                        1. p53 Pathway
                                                                                                      2. Mechanisms of Teratogenesis
                                                                                                        1. Critical Periods of Development
                                                                                                          1. Embryonic Stage
                                                                                                            1. Fetal Stage
                                                                                                              1. Organogenesis
                                                                                                              2. Mechanisms of Action
                                                                                                                1. Cell Death
                                                                                                                  1. Altered Cell Differentiation
                                                                                                                    1. Reduced Biosynthesis
                                                                                                                      1. Impaired Morphogenetic Movements
                                                                                                                      2. Types of Birth Defects
                                                                                                                        1. Structural Malformations
                                                                                                                          1. Functional Deficits
                                                                                                                            1. Growth Retardation

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                                                                                                                        3. Toxicokinetics

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                                                                                                                        5. Target Organ Toxicology