Toxicology

  1. Fundamental Principles of Toxicology
    1. The Dose-Response Relationship
      1. Dose Concepts
        1. Administered Dose
          1. Exposure Dose
            1. Absorbed Dose
              1. Target Organ Dose
              2. Types of Dose-Response Curves
                1. Graded Response
                  1. Characteristics of Graded Curves
                    1. Interpretation of Graded Data
                    2. Quantal Response
                      1. Population-Based Responses
                        1. Cumulative Frequency Curves
                      2. Key Parameters
                        1. Threshold Dose
                          1. LD50 (Median Lethal Dose)
                            1. ED50 (Median Effective Dose)
                              1. TD50 (Median Toxic Dose)
                                1. Therapeutic Index
                                  1. Margin of Safety
                                    1. No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL)
                                      1. Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL)
                                      2. Hormesis and U-Shaped Curves
                                        1. Definition of Hormesis
                                          1. Examples and Implications
                                        2. Routes and Duration of Exposure
                                          1. Routes of Exposure
                                            1. Ingestion (Oral)
                                              1. Gastrointestinal Absorption
                                                1. Factors Affecting Oral Absorption
                                                2. Inhalation (Respiratory)
                                                  1. Pulmonary Absorption
                                                    1. Particle Size and Deposition
                                                    2. Dermal (Skin)
                                                      1. Percutaneous Absorption
                                                        1. Factors Affecting Dermal Absorption
                                                        2. Injection (Parenteral)
                                                          1. Intravenous
                                                            1. Intramuscular
                                                              1. Subcutaneous
                                                                1. Intraperitoneal
                                                              2. Duration and Frequency of Exposure
                                                                1. Acute Exposure
                                                                  1. Subacute Exposure
                                                                    1. Subchronic Exposure
                                                                      1. Chronic Exposure
                                                                        1. Intermittent vs. Continuous Exposure
                                                                      2. Factors Influencing Toxicity
                                                                        1. Chemical and Physical Properties of the Toxicant
                                                                          1. Solubility
                                                                            1. Stability
                                                                              1. Molecular Size
                                                                                1. Chemical Structure
                                                                                  1. Lipophilicity
                                                                                  2. Environmental Factors
                                                                                    1. Temperature
                                                                                      1. Humidity
                                                                                        1. Co-exposure to Other Chemicals
                                                                                          1. Stress

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                                                                                      1. Introduction to Toxicology

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                                                                                      3. Toxicokinetics