Toxicology

  1. Toxicokinetics
    1. Absorption
      1. Mechanisms of Cell Membrane Transport
        1. Passive Diffusion
          1. Facilitated Diffusion
            1. Active Transport
              1. Endocytosis
                1. Pinocytosis
                2. Site-Specific Absorption
                  1. Gastrointestinal Tract
                    1. Factors Affecting GI Absorption
                      1. pH Effects
                        1. Food Interactions
                        2. Lungs
                          1. Particle Size and Solubility
                            1. Alveolar Absorption
                              1. Mucociliary Clearance
                              2. Skin
                                1. Skin Integrity and Hydration
                                  1. Stratum Corneum Barrier
                                    1. Transdermal Penetration
                                2. Distribution
                                  1. Blood and Lymphatic Transport
                                    1. Plasma Protein Binding
                                      1. Albumin Binding
                                        1. Alpha-1 Acid Glycoprotein Binding
                                          1. Binding Saturation
                                          2. Barriers to Distribution
                                            1. Blood-Brain Barrier
                                              1. Placental Barrier
                                                1. Testicular Barrier
                                                2. Storage in Tissues
                                                  1. Adipose Tissue
                                                    1. Bone
                                                      1. Liver and Kidneys
                                                        1. Redistribution Phenomena
                                                        2. Volume of Distribution
                                                        3. Metabolism (Biotransformation)
                                                          1. Phase I Reactions
                                                            1. Oxidation
                                                              1. Reduction
                                                                1. Hydrolysis
                                                                  1. Role of Cytochrome P450 (CYP) Enzymes
                                                                    1. CYP Enzyme Families
                                                                      1. Substrate Specificity
                                                                    2. Phase II Reactions (Conjugation)
                                                                      1. Glucuronidation
                                                                        1. Sulfation
                                                                          1. Acetylation
                                                                            1. Methylation
                                                                              1. Glutathione Conjugation
                                                                                1. Amino Acid Conjugation
                                                                                2. Factors Affecting Metabolism
                                                                                  1. Enzyme Induction
                                                                                    1. Enzyme Inhibition
                                                                                      1. Genetic Variability
                                                                                        1. Age and Sex Differences
                                                                                        2. Bioactivation vs. Detoxification
                                                                                          1. Reactive Metabolites
                                                                                            1. Detoxification Pathways
                                                                                              1. Metabolic Activation
                                                                                            2. Excretion
                                                                                              1. Major Routes of Elimination
                                                                                                1. Renal Excretion
                                                                                                  1. Glomerular Filtration
                                                                                                    1. Tubular Secretion
                                                                                                      1. Tubular Reabsorption
                                                                                                        1. pH Effects on Excretion
                                                                                                        2. Biliary and Fecal Excretion
                                                                                                          1. Enterohepatic Circulation
                                                                                                            1. Molecular Weight Threshold
                                                                                                            2. Pulmonary Excretion
                                                                                                              1. Volatile Compounds
                                                                                                                1. Gas Exchange
                                                                                                              2. Minor Routes of Elimination
                                                                                                                1. Sweat
                                                                                                                  1. Saliva
                                                                                                                    1. Milk
                                                                                                                      1. Hair and Nails
                                                                                                                      2. Clearance Concepts
                                                                                                                        1. Total Body Clearance
                                                                                                                          1. Renal Clearance
                                                                                                                            1. Hepatic Clearance

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                                                                                                                        2. Fundamental Principles of Toxicology

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                                                                                                                        4. Toxicodynamics