Toxicology

5.

Target Organ Toxicology

5.1.

5.1.1.

Anatomy and Function of the Liver

5.1.2.

Mechanisms of Liver Injury

5.1.2.1.

Direct Hepatotoxicity

5.1.2.2.

Metabolic Activation

5.1.2.3.

Immune-Mediated Injury

5.1.3.

Types of Hepatic Damage

5.1.3.1.

5.1.3.2.

5.1.3.3.

5.1.3.4.

5.1.3.5.

Hepatic Necrosis

5.1.4.

Biomarkers of Liver Injury

5.1.4.1.

Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)

5.1.4.2.

Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)

5.1.4.3.

Alkaline Phosphatase

5.1.4.4.

5.2.

5.2.1.

Anatomy and Function of the Kidney

5.2.2.

Mechanisms of Renal Injury

5.2.2.1.

Direct Nephrotoxicity

5.2.2.2.

Immune-Mediated Injury

5.2.2.3.

Hemodynamic Effects

5.2.3.

Types of Renal Damage

5.2.3.1.

Glomerular Injury

5.2.3.2.

5.2.3.2.1.

Proximal Tubule

5.2.3.2.2.

5.2.3.3.

Interstitial Nephritis

5.2.3.4.

Papillary Necrosis

5.2.4.

Biomarkers of Renal Injury

5.2.4.1.

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

5.2.4.2.

Serum Creatinine

5.2.4.3.

5.2.4.4.

5.3.

5.3.1.

Anatomy and Function of the Nervous System

5.3.2.

Central Nervous System Toxicity

5.3.2.1.

Blood-Brain Barrier Penetration

5.3.2.2.

Neurotransmitter Disruption

5.3.2.3.

Neuronal Cell Death

5.3.2.4.

5.3.3.

Peripheral Nervous System Toxicity

5.3.3.1.

Axonal Degeneration

5.3.3.2.

5.3.3.3.

Neuromuscular Junction Effects

5.3.4.

Behavioral and Cognitive Effects

5.3.5.

Biomarkers of Neurotoxicity

5.4.

5.4.1.

Anatomy and Function of the Heart

5.4.2.

Mechanisms of Cardiac Injury

5.4.2.1.

Direct Cardiotoxicity

5.4.2.2.

Metabolic Effects

5.4.2.3.

Electrophysiological Effects

5.4.3.

Types of Cardiac Effects

5.4.3.1.

5.4.3.2.

Myocardial Infarction

5.4.3.3.

5.4.3.4.

5.4.4.

Biomarkers of Cardiac Injury

5.5.

Pulmonotoxicity

5.5.1.

Anatomy and Function of the Lungs

5.5.2.

Mechanisms of Pulmonary Injury

5.5.2.1.

Direct Lung Injury

5.5.2.2.

Inflammatory Response

5.5.2.3.

Oxidative Stress

5.5.3.

Types of Pulmonary Effects

5.5.3.1.

Acute Lung Injury

5.5.3.2.

Pulmonary Fibrosis

5.5.3.3.

Asthma and Bronchoconstriction

5.5.3.4.

Pulmonary Edema

5.5.4.

Biomarkers of Pulmonary Injury

5.6.

5.6.1.

Anatomy and Function of the Immune System

5.6.2.

Types of Immunotoxic Effects

5.6.2.1.

Immunosuppression

5.6.2.2.

Hypersensitivity Reactions

5.6.2.2.1.

Type I (Immediate)

5.6.2.2.2.

Type II (Cytotoxic)

5.6.2.2.3.

Type III (Immune Complex)

5.6.2.2.4.

Type IV (Delayed)

5.6.2.3.

5.6.3.

Assessment of Immunotoxicity

5.7.

5.7.1.

Anatomy and Function of Blood and Blood-Forming Tissues

5.7.2.

Types of Hematotoxic Effects

5.7.2.1.

5.7.2.2.

5.7.2.3.

Thrombocytopenia

5.7.2.4.

Bone Marrow Suppression

5.7.2.5.

5.7.3.

Biomarkers of Hematotoxicity

5.8.

Dermatotoxicity

5.8.1.

Anatomy and Function of the Skin

5.8.2.

Types of Dermatotoxic Effects

5.8.2.1.

5.8.2.2.

Allergic Contact Dermatitis

5.8.2.3.

Photosensitivity

5.8.2.4.

5.8.2.5.

5.8.3.

Assessment of Dermatotoxicity

5.9.

Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology

5.9.1.

Male Reproductive Toxicity

5.9.1.1.

Spermatogenesis Disruption

5.9.1.2.

Hormonal Effects

5.9.1.3.

Fertility Impairment

5.9.2.

Female Reproductive Toxicity

5.9.2.1.

Oogenesis Disruption

5.9.2.2.

Menstrual Irregularities

5.9.2.3.

Fertility Impairment

5.9.3.

Developmental Toxicity

5.9.3.1.

5.9.3.2.

5.9.3.3.

5.9.4.

Endocrine Disruption

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6. Classification of Toxicants