Surveying and Geomatics

6.

Angle and Direction Measurement

6.1.

Principles of Angle Measurement

6.1.1.

Horizontal Angles

6.1.2.

Vertical Angles

6.1.3.

6.1.4.

Reference Directions

6.2.

Theodolite Systems

6.2.1.

Optical Theodolites

6.2.1.1.

Components and Functions

6.2.1.2.

Reading Systems

6.2.1.3.

Precision Classifications

6.2.2.

Electronic Theodolites

6.2.2.1.

Digital Displays

6.2.2.2.

6.2.2.3.

Automatic Corrections

6.2.3.

6.2.3.1.

Integrated EDM Systems

6.2.3.2.

Data Collectors

6.2.3.3.

Coordinate Calculations

6.3.

Instrument Setup and Operation

6.3.1.

Centering Procedures

6.3.1.1.

Plumb Bob Method

6.3.1.2.

Optical Plummet

6.3.1.3.

6.3.2.

Leveling Procedures

6.3.2.1.

Plate Bubble Adjustment

6.3.2.2.

Circular Bubble Use

6.3.3.

Focusing and Targeting

6.3.4.

Reading Procedures

6.4.

Horizontal Angle Measurement

6.4.1.

Single Angle Method

6.4.2.

Repetition Method

6.4.3.

Direction Method

6.4.4.

Reiteration Method

6.4.5.

Error Sources and Elimination

6.5.

Vertical Angle Measurement

6.5.1.

Index Error Determination

6.5.2.

Face Left and Face Right

6.5.3.

Atmospheric Refraction

6.5.4.

Collimation Error

6.6.

Traversing Methods

6.6.1.

6.6.1.1.

Applications and Limitations

6.6.1.2.

Error Accumulation

6.6.2.

Closed Traverse

6.6.2.1.

6.6.2.2.

Connecting Traverse

6.6.3.

Traverse Computations

6.6.3.1.

Angular Closure

6.6.3.2.

6.6.3.3.

Coordinate Calculations

6.6.4.

Traverse Adjustment

6.6.4.1.

6.6.4.2.

6.6.4.3.

Least Squares Method

6.7.

6.7.1.

6.7.2.

Station Selection

6.7.3.

Angle Measurement Procedures

6.7.4.

Strength of Figures

6.7.5.

Adjustment Methods

6.8.

Intersection and Resection

6.8.1.

Forward Intersection

6.8.2.

Backward Intersection

6.8.3.

Three-Point Problem

6.8.4.

Applications and Accuracy

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7. Geodesy and Earth Models